Class-Action Lawsuit against University Royal Beauty Pageants Term Paper

Class-Action Lawsuit against University Royal Beauty Pageants - Term Paper ExampleThese competitions have always been the source of great attention and r arly without controversy, leading one to question whether these competitions are ethical, and whether it is fair on the children who participate in them. Our firm believes that while they may be carried out with the beaver of motivation, their execution is one that is terribly flawed, and could be greatly detrimental to the well being of these children in the future, accompanied by the severe lack of laws governing the extract and regulation of beauty pageants (Nussbaum, 2008) thus feel that legal action must be taken against the child beauty pageant intentness.While it may be true that some of those contestants are there of their own accord and are indeed old enough to make that decisions, for example those that compete in the home for ogdoad to ten year old children, it leads one to question what the sense is in having a co mpetition that has contestants under the age of two. Surely they have no desire to be made up and dressed up, put into costumes and props, and taken out before a room full of cheering and shouting people. Babies at that age hardly appreciate getting dressed after a bath, it is unreasonable to expect one to believe that they would appreciate being adorned in ruffles and sequins and enduring extensive hours of make up, when they are at an age where they hardly have developed eyelashes or eyebrows. Furthermore, even if those girls who are in the older category of the competition, eight to ten year olds, which is still young by any stretch of the imagination, are there of their own accord as many representatives of this industry remark, it leads one to question whether firstly, they are conditioned into wanting that, and secondly, whether it is fair to allow them to do it in any case. When a child has been raised with the idea that they are beautiful and they will not only be appreciate d for that beauty, but rewarded for it, as long as they allow someone to sit them on a pedestal and extensively observe them, how is a child expected to work out for themselves that it is wrong to be judged and rewarded on the basis of outward appearance? Those that fence over the fact that there are talent rounds and other judging criteria, what they dont realize is that even dancing and singing is a talent based on showcasing oneself, and ultimately makes the competition one that is based on outward superficial criteria of appearances. When a child learns that how they look is an easy ticket to getting recognition, they do not develop the understanding of how it is what is inside, intellect and compassion that is what should be focused on and developed. Every little girl wants make up and clothes, but it is the job of the parents to check children that they do not need to rely on make up or glitter to appear beautiful, and that being the center of attention does not needfully wa rrant one to be the best, nor should that be the criteria that they judge, or allow themselves to be judged on. In addition to these fundamental problems with the concept of a beauty pageant, our firms finds there to be many contradictions with the statements the child pageant industry puts out. Standards have risen so high in recent years, with the advent of greater stakes and higher levels of competition, that girls are having to rely more on more on fake beauty enhancers, rather than their own natural beauty. Fake spray tans, fake eyelashes, fake vibrissa extension, even fake teeth, and all this on children who are at most nine or ten, and at their youngest, one or two, what sort of a marrow does that send to these children. Not only does

Films of Alfred Hitchcock Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Films of Alfred Hitchcock - Assignment ExampleAfter he answers to this spot, he is immediately mistaken for the CIA agent, named George Kaplan (North by Northwest). Throughout the stage, Roger tries to make every ace conceptualize that he is not Kaplan. His life becomes a nightmare because he is being tracked down. The abduction of Roger and his desperation when he tries to explain that he knows nothing about Kaplan defines one of the fascinate scenes in the film.The case of mistaken identity is the film is one of the interesting aspects that viewers are interested in. Rogers effort to clear his name and prove that he is not Kaplan failed terribly. The fact that even his mother does not believe him makes his case more complicated. Hitchcocks expertise in developing an intriguing plot is evident because Roger get words himself facing murder charges. There is evidence of a photograph depicting him holding a weapon. Therefore, it is impossible for Roger to deny the charges. The sus pense of the story surrounds Rogers mistaken identity. Roger is determined to find the true Kaplan something that all the viewers are interested in (Wakelin 86). However, at the end of the movie, it is revealed that George Kaplan does not exist. Roger plays his role exceedingly well, making the suspense so realistic. He finds himself in a strange world without anyone to turn to because he is unable to prove his innocence. He depicts his desperation to find the true Kaplan to clear his name. He is the favorite character for many viewers because the entire story surrounds him.A close analysis of the film reveals that Roger faces a considerable deal of isolation. The viewers understand that he does not have a family of his own and he faces a critical case of mistaken identity. In his desperation, nil believes that he is innocent. It is unfortunate that even his mother does not trust his story. He faces extreme danger, especially after he is framed for murder. He seems to be only if and against the entire world. The cinematography of

The Rule of Proximity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The Rule of Proximity - Essay ExampleSome of these features or news values (Kim, 2001) may be intrinsic to the event or they may be extrinsic. Intrinsic values may be intumescency or importance, stratum of serviceman interest evoked, degree of conflict or controversy involved and degree of the unusual implicated (Kim, 2001). Extrinsic values may be timeliness and proximity of the event to the mend at which the media leave behind be operational (Kim, 2001). It is notable, though, that the intrinsic values can also be correlated to the media location since it is observable that values like prominence or importance, capability to evoke human interest, degree of conflict or controversy and degree of the unusual all depend to some extent upon how the creation at the media location usually relate to the population at the event location. This is so because researchers have also observed that events at a particular location, when it is judged for word at a location in another area, a re usually limitd much by the social, political, economic and geographic perspectives the media country holds of the event country (Kim, 2001).Thus, the tidings of an event in any country, when judged in relation to media in the United States, ordain depend much upon the political relevance the U.S.A. places upon the event country (Kim, 2001). It will also depend much upon the degree of threat or benefit that event has for the U.S.A. and the World at large (Kim, 2001). These latter observations have great relevance to this paper since it is already manifested from these that the rule of proximity as well as other news values has much in common with values that influence diplomatic relationships between and among countries. GlobalisationThere is one factor in the present world scene that does to a great extent override relationships among geographically and culturally proximal nations. While the paper finds that geographical and cultural proximity has been considered as an indicat or of levels of diplomatic activities it also realises that it must also consider aspects of globalisation, the modern-day worldwide phenomenon that is expected to provide collective effort towards globally invasive problems like disarmament, arms regulations, combating worldwide terrorism, cross-border crime and the drug trade and usage, protection of human rights, prevention of climate change and desertification, promotion of sustainable development, conflict prevention and development assistance and cooperation, peacemaking and keeping and foreign trade (Sucharipa, Undated). In this context it is very likely that national proximity is not the only overriding factor for strengthening diplomatic ties among nations. Nor is it likely that conflict among nations in geographic proximity will remain contained within that region without effort from the global community towards it speedy amelioration. Thus, in this sense, it is observed that geographic and cultural proximity is not con sidered as meaning(a) an indicator of political will as it was a few years earlier. Instead, it is again observed that national foreign policy is not contained to outside the country by the gatekeeper functional and kept apart from its domestic one. This is because other departments of the nation, such as the environmental one, may need direct contact with international agencies without having to seek permission of the foreign policy makers (Sucharipa, Undat

Discrimination Against Homosexuals in the Military Essay Example for Free

Discrimination Against Homosexuals in the Military EssaySince 1993 more(prenominal) than 14,500 service members were fired under the law of Dont Ask, Dont Tell (sldn. org). In 1950, President Harry S. signed the Uniform Code of Military Justice, which set up the discharge rules for paederastic service members. People deficient to serve their country were being discriminated and discharged because of their sexuality. Then in 1982, Ronald Reagan proposed a defense directional that states Homosexuality is incompatible with military service and people who booked in homosexual acts or stated that they were homosexual or bisexual were discharged. In 1992, Bill Clinton, as a presidential candidate, promised to lift the ban. Fin bothy in 1993, when Bill Clinton was elected president, he proposed a compromise that he named Dont Ask, Dont Tell. This law issued a defense directive that military applicants should not be able to be asked about their sexual orientation (Washington Post). Homosexuals being discriminated in the military have grabbed the attention of people all around the world. The question on whether or not homosexuals should have the right to serve in the military was a hotly debated topic in governance for the past few years.Even after the repeal of Dont Ask Dont Tell, will our society be ready to expect others? The research started with searching Homosexuals in the military. Then Dont Ask Dont Tell and personal stories of audaciouss in the military was found. Unfortunately, no books could be found on this topic, but articles from top intelligence servicepapers became a valid choice. Documentaries and podcasts were also looked at. Good sources were easy to find because the topic was so controversial in the US, so the news articles came in handy.The repeal of Dont Ask Dont Tell was all over US news websites, and news clips from YouTube were found. Last fall, a pentagon study was released that said a majority of the US forces, more than 70%, said that serving with homosexuals would have no negative motion on them. Forces fighting in Iraq and Afghanistan had a different response. 58% of combat marines said that they would prefer not to serve with homosexuals. Since the repeal in late September, the operation has been positive on quite a lot of people.The main people who ar opposed to the repeal are the military chaplains. The majority of the 3,000 active chaplains are conservative Christians. A retired chaplain, named Brigadier General Douglas Lee, is one and only(a) of the 66 retired chaplains that wrote a letter to President Obama, urging him to not go through with the repeal. In a video showing the effects (positive and negative) of the repeal, shows Brigadier General Douglas Lee talking about Dont ask, Dont Tell. He says, Homosexuality is one of a multitude of sins.Chaplains help people wrestle with the sins that bisect them and their lives. The problem with this repeal is that this particular sin is being legitimize d as being normal and sanction. The problem with the non acceptance of the chaplains is that many and most conservative Christians believe that homosexuality, like all of the other sins in the bible, is a lifestyle choice (Pbs. org). According to some other Pentagon Study, thirty-five other countries allow homosexuals to serve openly with no negative effect (Sldn.org).Consider two men, both wanting to serve their country, one is gay and one is straight. They get all of the same test scores, and pass, yet only the straight guy is let in, not because of anything else other than his sexuality. If the same circumstances had happened, sooner with a man and a woman, it would be sexist. If one was white and the other was black, it would be racist. All of the victims of these situations would have protection under the law and could sue, except for the homosexual.The homosexual has no legal protection from the government (Library in a book Gay Rights). The repeal could be the first step t o changing this. September twentieth 2011, Obama stated, As of today, our armed forces will no longer lose the extraordinary skills and combat experience of so many gay and lesbian service members. And today, as Commander in Chief, I want those who were discharged under this law to know that your country deeply values your service(UStoday. com).Military bases around the US have been holding sessions for service members to educate them on the repeal of Dont Ask, Dont Tell. They say, You are not expected to flip-flop your religious or moral beliefs, however you are obligated to treat all others with dignity and respect (Pbs. org). It seems as though that our society has been coping positively since the repeal. There are always going to be some people who will not stray from their views, but the percentages are going up and more and more people are willing to except homosexuals serving freely in the US.

Hawthorne studies Essay Example for Free

Hawthorne studies EssayA student of science conducts a research study in order to test a hypothesis or a theory. He/she is guided by a problem and or questions that he/she hopes to answer in order to refute or confirm existing hypothetic constructs. A research study is an application of the scientific method and a research worker delves into that with a set of predetermined hypotheses. There are many shipway of conducting researches but experiments are the most applicable if the study seeks to establish cause and effect. The Hawthorne studies started out with the purpose to prove that lighting in the workroom had an effect on doer productivity (Ballantyne, 2000). Although the motivation for conducting the research was utilitarian it however forever changed the concept of management and gave birth to the Hawthorne Effect. The insights I gained from digesting the Hawthorne studies were that a research study does non necessarily confirm our research assumptions (Fawcett Downs, 1999).Conducting a research is actually like wading into a pool full of disparate objects and sometimes what we find is not what we are looking for. It is important to maintain objectivity and we must not force or lead our discussions and findings towards supporting our hypothesis if we truly want to be scientific and maintain academic integrity. Another thing I learned was that even if we are guided by a research problem that we like to answer, it is how we measure and manipulate the variables that we want to explore dictates the results that the study yields.In the Hawthorne studies on lighting and work productivity, although the variable degree of illumination was manipulated to test whether work yield increased, the relationship was not established because the researchers was not able to identify beforehand that the presence of the researchers was an extraneous variable (Levine Parkinson, 1994) hence the concept of the Hawthorne effect which referred to the phenomenon where t he presence of the researcher corrupts the results of the experiment.Lastly, the Hawthorne studies demonstrated that even the most rigorous experiments or study has limitations and anyone who wishes to conduct experiments must recognize in the outset what the limitations of his/her study are.

Ford and the World Automobile Industry Essay Example for Free

Ford and the World Automobile Industry EssayChanges in the structure of the auto fabrication The 1965-1972 railway car manufacture was a depression competitive environment, and as a consequence was a profitable pains. Indeed, during this period ?Industry rivalry was rather low ?The automotive market was fragmented into separate national markets and the primary concern of shapers was their domestic sales. As a consequence only a few challenger were disputing each market. ?The supply was meeting the demand in a correct manner the production could supply the number of vehicles bought each year, without a major(ip)(ip) over-capacity. As a consequence, dogged be were under control no manufacturer was trying to gain market sh be in order to spread fixed costs over sales volume. ?Car dumbfounds were untold to a greater extent differentiated that during the 2000s. Several technologies were used in the various models available. As a consequence, models were considered as more u nique by customer, hence a weaker tendency to switch between manufacturers. ?Suppliers index finger was almost inexistent, as manufacturer were much vertical integrated, to fasten costs and increase tractableness. Oil price was not a concern, with barrel under $15 during the whole period (expressed in 2006 US $). With no environmental concern, the substitution brat was very low. ?Low competition in national market and high capital costs were mainly responsible for the low threat of new entrant in each local market. Moreover markets were far from being global, notably callable to the transportation problems, which were on the verge to be resolved becoming global would sport required at that time to completely reinvent the production process, as shipping comp peerlessnts would squander been excessively complex.Between 1972 and the theme of the 2000s, the land automobile market has faced a major upheaval, which primarily is due to one major phenomenon globalization. The GATT and opposite international agreement have provided a framework for global trades, including the automobile industry. Moreover the slow growth rates of the industry provided incentives for manufacturer to look for new markets. This resulted in a major shift in the industry structure ?The competition intensified during the period, The introduction of completely new manufacturers of market that used to be stable the new production, forethought and transportation methods gave a boost to the competition atmosphere. ?Excess capacities were added during the 80s and 90s, when Japanese companies tried to enter foreign markets (and most notably the US), resulting in high fixed costs that had to be covered. This high fixed costs problem was reinforced by the rising new models development costs. ?Car model standardization induces less differentiation, hence an easier customer switch between manufacturers.Moreover the fact markets have globally the same structure among different countries (lu xury car/SUV/ conspicuous/low-cost cars) make it easy to compete around the world. ?Consumers have been requiring more esthetic personalization, requiring more flexibility in the manufacturing technology. That has reduced the benefits of economies of scale. ?New entrants have appeared and are still threatening to enter. Despite the major capital requirements to enter the automobile industry, approximately(prenominal) new competitors have emerged on each market segment during the experience 40 years.On the one hand, developing countries have created national manufacturers, often protected by their own legislation before deciding to go global. On the other hand, existing multinational do have the cash required to enter new segment market, as the SUV example shows. ?The suppliers bargaining power has had a tendency to rise, and more and more manufactured decided to outsource the component manufacturing. This is reinforced by the fact that several component supplies have become as bi g as automotive manufacturers. Buyers have never been so well informed about models, performance, security concerns and innovation. As a consequence, major manufacturer have to constantly integrate new technologies into their cars, resulting in major costs. The automobile industry has undergone major changes in 40 years. The major increase in competition due to globalization, the industry structural changes and consumer evolution has made it much more difficult to generate profit. 2. Next 5 years structure changes?Observing the trustworthy automobile industry, one can try to predict some major trends that lead characterize the future market. Competition impart probably intensify above the current level, with several emerging countries on the verge of entering the world market (e. g. Tata Motors from India and Chery Automotive Company from China see 3). As a consequence, new major plants will probably being built by those new competitors, to provide the market with their own mode l, while existing leader will go on building their own on growing markets.So excess capacity will last. The price on war resulting will probably induce industry concentration, which will be divided into two different categories on the one hand, one can predict mergers and acquisition, as it has existed until now, resulting in fewer competitors. On the other hand, closing of brands owned by international companies are likely to happen, because their profitability plummeted due in particular to lack of investment . From the customer point of view, several trends are to be noticed.First customer all over the world will become more and more concerned about environment. This problem on with the high oil price will force manufacturer to develop models consuming less gasoil, or using alternative energy sources. As a consequence, new model development prices are likely to get higher that now, requiring major investment. Second selling model to developing countries and lowering purchasing p ower in the western countries will provide incentive the develop new small and cheap models. 3. Future profits?As a consequence, it is likely that the industry will be less profitable during the next 5 years intense price competition, heavy investment, major flexibility required by customers ever-changing demand and personalization requirement will force manufacturer to lower their costs and profit as much as possible. 4. Successful companies As seen above, future leading on the automobile industry will have to be ?Able to face major investment costs, with available cash flow and not ugly from major high production costs, including for example the healthcare and retirement problem the 3 major US manufacturers are facing. Able to reduce prices as much as possible, by offshoring, reducing wages, automation and innovation in production management. ?Able to flexibly adapt their models to the demand. That requires production adaptation as well as deep understanding of the local markets , notably through a strong retail network. However, the evolution of transportation conditions and wages in developing countries (see 5) will provide incentives for near shoring. Companies from BRIC countries will not as a consequence benefit from better costs conditions on their own countries, despite the developing costs will be under control.Moreover, developing an efficient retail network within 5 year is very strong challenge. To conclude, the companies that are likely to pull ahead on the world automobile industry during the next 5 years are production efficient and huge companies, which have already entered the major world markets and solved their major cost issues. 5. Ford solutions Where considering the three majors key points exposed above answering question 4, it can be deduced that Ford will have to face important issues to keep its position on the international automobile industry, especially with the new entrant threats.As a consequence, one major issue that Ford will have to address is the healthcare and retirements plans that lie in its balance sheet, and degrade its capacity to invest. Some great negotiation will unions will consequently have to occur. General Motors show a path during the year 2008 that could be used by Ford as well. As squelch on costs will still be prevalent, Ford will have to adapt its production tool. Some great effort on flexibility will have to be made, to be able to quickly react to the customer changing needs.May new factories need to be built, they should be place near shore their target market. This strategy will allow cost reduction as well as adaptations to the local markets, which always show some important differences even if the market structure is often the same. To reduce costs, Ford will probably have to reduce its brands portfolio (for example to 3 or 4 brands in the US), to cover the whole industry market while lowering developing model costs and keeping fixed costs under control.Finally, one important point would be to get more important control over distribution channel, as it is a greater profitable industry that the manufacturer industry. Moreover, it appears from some analysis (see 8) that the added value is mostly located into that area customer can feel the differentiation there rather than on the pure manufactory area.

Royal Bank of Scotland Staff Management

violet believe of Scotland Staff ManagementThe Royal Bank of ScotlandExecutive SummaryRoyal Bank of Scotlands rapid expansion into the global market as a dischargest its roots as a national bank, has exposed the bank to the ripple effect created by the precipitate in the USA housing market, which has guide the global banking industry into greater economic crisis. As a solving of RBSs exposure to the current financial crisis, this breed shall(a) looks at the difficulties involve in ledeing and motivating stave of RBS as it navigates its way out of the crisis.The difficulties with track faculty of RBS that shall be looked into involve, lack of In-depth and technical familiarity by the board and the CEO, Managing gardening, Managing Change, Loss of reputation, and G all oernment Interference.Understanding and satisfying of staffs need in this current financial crisis whitethorn be a difficult origin for the wishment of RBS, this report shall also evaluate the difficulties of motivating staff of RBS ranging from government influence, disparity in pay, customary outcry and challenges in satisfying the need of all(prenominal) employee of RBSLastly the report shall recommend operable solutions that ar applicable to the current financial crisis to the management of RBS.1.0 IntroductionThe environment where business operates has a major concern on its operation. Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) operates in the UK financial industry which is one of the strongest financial hubs in the world. Porter (1998) s finishs that a business will be prosperous if all the elements of the microenvironment are favourable to the organisation, this can not be in isolation of the macroenvironmental factors which also dictates the success of an organisation. The current financial crisis, was ignited by the smooth in the USA housing market, and has a ripple effect which has exposed RBS and the UK banking industry as a whole, this has led to the liquidity problem been fac e by the industry and the loss of confidence in the banking industry.Companies that market products or services have always had to deal with a wider range of issues than those encountered by domestic firms (Jeannet and Hennessey 1998).Royal Bank of Scotlands rapid expansion into the global market as against its roots as a national bank, has exposed the bank to greater economic crisis. The tonic chairman headed by Sir Philip Hampton in his bid to reform the bank has rooted out seven non executive directors and the former CEO Sir Fred Godwin who spearheaded the Global expansion, and appointed a new CEO Stephen Hester. In 2008 RBS sort declared a loss of 28bn the biggest loss in British corporate history (www.guardian.co.uk) and this has culminated into several lay impinge on of staff. The Government in its effort to save the bank has injected some fund into the banks business and now owns round 70% of the bank.RBS has laid off some thousands of its workforces over the past year, t here is consistent criticism from the media and the general public about bankers pay and revenge, banks exposure to the global crisis, governments control power etc, all these have displace polar signal to the remaining staff and also create difficulties in leading and motivating these staff by the management.2.0 Leading Staff Of RBS During The Financial CrisisIt takes a mentally tough and emotionally strong CEO and a competent Board to survive the current crisis. Kotter (1996) as cited by Robins and Judge (2007) says management is about coping with complexity by apparatusing the vision and strategy provided by leaders, coordinating and staffing the organisation for smooth operation, while leadership on the former(a) hand in contrast is about coping with transmutes, by having ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a set of goals.Robin and Judge (2007) also group leadership theories into two, Charismatic and transformational leadership. But says Transformational leadership builds on the transactional leadership The charismatic leadership theory.Charismatic leaders have vision, willing to take personal risk, refined to follower ask. These individuals are set aside from ordinary people and treated as endowed with exceptional qualities and are given unprecedented autonomy and resources, which wherefore makes such individual to posses ability to leverage higher salaries and reward even when their performance was not very good, high risk taker, incur high follow and engage in self sacrifice to achieve the vision, and engaging in unconventional behaviour. These traits were seen in Sir Fred Godwin character, though to some extent the staff and board were quelled with him originally the current crisis, entirely such attri onlyes may be difficult to lead staff and the whole of RBS group in this current crisis judging by their recent performance (Refer to Appendix 1). The Transformational leadership theoryTransformational leaders are known fo r providing vision and sense of mission, communicates high hope, inspirational motivation, careful problem settlement skills etc, except it also build up on the characteristic of transactional such as the contract exchange for reward, and management by exception. These set of individual liven staff to put in more effort to achieve the business objectives and goals, and also help staff at looking at old issues in a different way by been more innovative and creative. These traits are been seen in the new CEO Stephen Hester and such characters may seems to fit in to lead in this current financial crisis2.1 Challenges with leading staff of RBS out of this current financial crisis In-depth and technical knowledge of the boardAccording to Peter Principle, In a hierarchy every employee tends to rise to level of incompetence. The remuneration package approved by the former board of RBS has shown that though the board has some financial experts but the full understanding of the former CEO package which led to the public outcry was not fully understood by some members of the board in the beginning they approved it. This was also emphasised by Ministers who believed that it was not only Lord Myners who did not know that Sir Freds pension was discretionary. They believed that the old board of RBS was kept in the dirty too (www.bbc.co.uk). The current board has several financial experts with years of experience functional in the industry but this til now does not guarantee that all strategies and decision do by them shall be perfect. In-depth and technical knowledge of CEODive (2009) argue that most CEOs do not know how to establish accountable organization. RBS was reported to have lost over 600m in Madoffs alleged investing scam. This could have been attributed to the lack of understanding and technical knowledge of such investment exhibited by the former CEO Fred Godwin before venturing into such a risky investment scam. only the new CEO too could have being tr icked into such investment because it is very hard for CEO to posses in-depth and technical knowledge of all the financial operations and investment. But not withstanding CEO should strive enough to develop or gain the full understanding of some decision they might have made in past and to be able to correct some anomaliesWhen eggs card terminated over 100,000 of its credit card customer in February 2008, the CEO said he believes they pose an unacceptably high risk to the company, this was gage up by Angela Knight, foreland executive of the British Bankers Association, who said that Eggs action was a sensible way of looking after a business (news.bbc.co.uk). Managing civilisationAnother difficulty leaders are likely to face in the current financial crisis is the ability to manage culture. Leaders need to know how to manage culture that exit inwardly its organisation and the environment where it operates. The issue that leaders face at each of their organisational growth stages are different, partly because the lineament that culture plays at each stage is completely different (Schein 2004). The inability by banks chiefs to manage the bonus culture that exits within the financial institution in UK has led to public outcry and different criticism about the ability of these executives to run a profitable company and at the same time manage its staff. Stephen Hester who was brought to retroversion RBS might be faced with managing culture because it is a barrier to change, and change is prone to resistance.Stephen Hester is expected to deal with lavish executive perks in RBS which has become a culture in the banking industry, such as the 17m private jet used by Sir Fred Godwin, and heavy pension schemes. However Stephen Hester too according to (www.dailymail.co.uk) lives an expensive life sentence style such a 350 acres of country estate, expensive mansion in London, and large option reward. This is a culture that has been in the industry for preferably so me time and it may be difficult for any new CEO to change because he too might have been a supporter at a point in time, and also for the position of a CEO of a large financial organisation like RBS to be attractive, the reward needs to be competitive. This is a major challenge that Stephen Hester and the board might faced in leading at this point of time. Managing ChangeJohnson et al (2001) say when a business is in terminal decline and faces closure or takeover, there is a need for rapid and extensive change in align to achieve cost reduction and revenue generation. Stephen Hester was appointed not only as CEO at RBS but implied as a change operator who will carry out a rapid change within the bank. Change is a major challenge and may be difficult to implement than it seems at first because while changing the business strategies and operation, one has to change the people and their orientation. Balogun and Hailey (2004) say success rate for most of the change programme launched within organisation is poor and the failure rate is 70%. However Stephen needs to find ways of ensuring that the outcome is positive change rather than damaging to the business.RBS in its bid to be back to a profitable organisation has embarked on different change management processes which have led to some job cut, however resistance to these changes is expected. Rob Macgregor, Unites national officer, said the union was appalled that thousands of people, who form the backbone of the RBS operations, are to be made redundant. He added These employees are totally stainless for the current position which RBS is in, yet they are paying for the mistakes at the top of the bank. (www.guardian.co.uk) Loss of reputationAdams Equity Theory says the more upset people sign the greater they strive to redress the inequity. The general public and the medias impression of banks and financial institution has led to the loss of reputation of most banks in the UK , which was even seen in the damage done to the expression of RBS by angry protester in April 2009 during the G20 meeting in London. This has created fear into the members of staff of RBS not to be attacked in public once people know that they work for the bank. And this may even force some to leave the organisation or think about a life story in another industry. Government InterferenceThe injection of over 20bn by the UK government to salvage the RBS from collapse has led to major influence of government in the decision to be made by the current Board and CEO. Decision made by management must(prenominal) always be the one pol will prefer rather than the one that will be of best economic interest to the bank. The recent announcement by the bank to cut 9000 jobs over the next 3 years which might result in a savings of over 2.5bn (www.guardian.co.uk) was strongly rejected by the Politician , and the banks deputy chief executive had to change their strategy from job cut to redeployment of staff while facing the MP s. This is a vital challenge that faces the management of RBS in leading the staff for a profitable organisation.3.0 Staff MotivationUnhappy staff are known to have little chance to produce satisfied customers, so the more contented staff are, the higher customer satisfaction will be. The management of RBS needs to integrate individual needs along with the organisational goals in other to achieve the business objectives, but motivation of staff comes with different challenges.3.1 Challenges with Motivating staff of RBS during the current financial crisis External influencesA key difficulty been faced by most organisations during this global financial crisis is that they have placed too much attention on the external environment, at the detriment of the internal working environment. RBS continuous laying off staff with the aim of cutting cost was a result of its exposure to the global economic crisis, liquidity in the market, and pivot in stock value. This is a demotivating action t o the staff of RBS but the management and board of RBS might want to first readdress it position in the banking industry before it can then focus on the staff extreme needs. Reward StructureThe pluralist perspective of organisational conflict according to Lashley and Ross (2003 ) emphasises that conflict between subgroups is inevitable, and therefore it must be handled and managed carefully . Because of the higher pay package being offered to some investment staff of RBS, some group of staff in the retail and commercialised sector of business may believed that they are being underpaid and at the same time bring in lesser risk, this may result in different conflict and complex issues arising among staff.Also the need for reward when target is met may be valued by some top performing investment staff within the bank, and they may threaten to leave if they are not been compensated competitively with what is obtainable in the industry.Increased wages are precisely what RBS may not be a ble to provide during this storming period however Nelson (2005) has also said though money is a factor of motivation, but not qualified condition alone to attract, retain and motivate good employees. Satisfying needs of all staffMoney may not be provided everytime while taste perception and involvement of staff which are seen as other means of motivation can be provided any time. The problem with this, is understanding the need of all members of staff of RBS and aligning organisation policies with these needs.Maslow hierarchy of needs says before the self actualisation of need can be met, the basic life needs needed to be met, and he also said when a need is satisfied it no longer motivates and the next higher need takes its place (Refer to Appendix 2).Maslow hierarchy of needs might be ineffective when organisation is faced with too many external factors. Virtually almost every staff of RBS is worried about their job security, public attack, loss of bonuses, and stigmatization o f banking profession. Therefore understanding and satisfying of staffs need in this current financial crisis may be a difficult assess for the management of RBS. Government Interference/ public outcryThe Government forced down the 2008 bonuses that were supposed to be paid to staff of Lloyd bank, as a result of government ownership in the bank and the poor performance of the bank in 2008, while some staff see these as unfair word because they met their target and they deserve their bonuses. This was supported by Unite trade union who says they will not accept a situation where staff are made to suffer financially for the mistakes or greed of the top executives who ran the bank. This could be demotivating to staff that work in the three banks where government have control, in which RBS is one of them4.0 tributeLeading and motivating is an integral part of managing people in an organisation, because people are major asset to such organisation. Gratton (2000) says people should be t reated with politeness, respect, lordliness and fairness. This can help to build an organisation where people can grow and flourish and at the same time save management reputation when they acted wrongOrganisation branding could help to motivate employee, it helps to give them a job securities and the status that is attached to the branded company. Media can be used to gain back the good image RBS is known for, and also management should avoid action or event that may put the company into public debate by ensuring that ethical decision are taken all the time.Businesses that survive the trying times are the ones whose leaders adopt a attitude of discovery and change, quite of resistances. Johnson et al (2001) suggest five style of change management Education communication, Collaboration/participation, intervention, direction, coercion, some of which can be used by the management of RBS while turning the business around.Though RBS do appraise its staff regularly the use of managem ent by objective (MBO) as part of its performance cadence for staff may be very much ideal in this era, in order to align both the goal of individual staff with that of the organisation.butler (2009) says that in a multicultural organisation, transformational leadership demonstrates care for the personal relationships with a diverse group of people that in turn builds better leader-member exchanges, trust and organisational commitment.These shape of leadership traits might have been suggested to the board of RBS before the selection of Stephen Hester as the new CEO with the hope of changing the staffs paradigm and give them higher satisfaction. However a transformational leader will require more to be successful in this era , and this may include trust and been ethical, in other to gain the respect and to remove the stigma associated to CEO of big banks seen as selfish ,greedy, and extravagant lifestyle.Apart from the normal qualities of a good leader, two exceptional role that ma y be expected of the new leadership of Stephen Hester and the new Board at RBS are to provide team leadership, and self leadership roles.Team building is essential for every organisational development and growth. Task and problems are shared to enhance productivity, great leadership takes into account proper delegation amongst staff while still taking responsibility at the end of its completion.Leaders lead by good examples in era such as this, Josef Ackermann, CEO of deutsche Bank sworn to relinquish his bonus which runs into millions of Euros (www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk). This action has also prompted 3 other senior board members to agree to relinquish theirs as well. Which is now been used as a yardstick in the industry. Though Stephen Hester is new at RBS but there are some other processes or action through which he can control his own behaviour in order to exhibit self leadership roleHowever leadership though required some qualities but these qualities and the leadership styles varies along with the changes in the environment. Managing change may go with different kind of leadership style. Lewin et al (1939) identify Authoritarian, Democratic, and laissez-faire style as the three major classification of leadership style. Stephen Hester may decided to use any or combination of the styles. Whichever option adopted has its own shortcoming, therefore the management should discover it monitor the resistance and blend with any changes to its style that might fit any particular circumstances.Training is one of the strategies for success in organisation, the cultural change that is expected of the new board can be done through training of its staff. Also RBS Management is expected to come up with some practicable corporate and business strategies, which will give not only the shareholder confidence in the bank but inclusive of the staff, who will then be certain about their long term commitment to the business instead of the fear of losing their jobsRBS manageme nt need to put more efforts into the remaining staff so as not to lose the key ones, because of the amount of training and experience that has been impacted into them. 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