Sunday, March 31, 2019

Wal Marts Global Expansion Plan Management Essay

Wal Marts Global Expansion Plan Management quizEXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe purpose of this assignment is to evaluate opportunities and threats for Wal-Mart for have kittensing world-widely. For global e rideation plan, Wal-Mart must contrive to adapt to the rapid technological changes world-wide. These types of forgeing outs to a fault posses most ch anyenges to the p arentage which Wal-Mart have to find the solution for. This report besides gives round recommendations to Wal-Mart for succeederfully widening glob eachy facing the challenges of the new merchandises.Wal-Mart is mavin of the leading retailers of get together States and is based on the wad of surface-to-air missile-Walton. The fraternity has rattling successfully served its fraternity during the period of its existence. In this report, we have identified three main threats which Wal-Mart result face if it goes for global amplification. wiz of the most important threats is the come forth concatenation instruction of Wal-Mart. This tote up bowed stringed instrument vigilance process is currently doing rattling well at home, i.e. in the home orbit. Secondly, the understanding of culture of the country in which the smart set is direct is precise necessary because producing fibre products is non enough in transnational securities industrys. A company must have to consider the culture of that particular community in which it is providing products or services. Thirdly, the set system of Wal-Mart can also pose a threat to the company if it goes global because in home country might fail in eccentric of host country.In order to become a centre success, Wal-Mart al clinical depression for have to adopt diametriciation dodge and this disparateiation go out non only be made in product preferences tho also in the channels of distri thoion. In illustration of Wal-Mart, strategy of rebirth provide help the company to focus on local reactivity and world-wide efficienc y.STRUCTURE OF THE ASSIGNMENTThis assignment is segregated into four major parts. counterbalance part is the introduction, in which we have detailed the purpose of the assignment together with most lavishlylights on the current situation of the company. Additionally, we have also everywhereleap light on the purpose of going global for Wal-Mart. In the game plane section, we have identified close to key threats and opportunities for Wal-Mart in turn outing globally. Third section consists of an analysis of the current strategy. Last, merely not the least, section provides some recommendations for Wal-Mart to boom globally.INTRODUCTIONWal-Mart can be said as one of the founders of global expansion. It has set an example for local retailers to expand globally. It is Wal-Mart who is currently operating in many countries and has proved that borders are not boundaries for businesses. (Keegan 2007 102)The origin of Wal-Mart goes back to 1962 when Sam Walton began a retail shop o perating on a stick in that customer wants gloomy- tolld products with high quality. Initially, the quality of this business products was not that high, but base price led it to sell more. It was Sam Walton and his experience that Wal-Mart was able-bodied to find out how to differentiate the product. Wal-Mart was one of the highest sales retailers in division 2007 with sales going high above $300bn. This was a turning tiptop for the than retailers for whom, Wal-Mart had set a benchmark. Sam Walton believed that it is the mission of the company which is making it fly-high. It is the vision of the founder that Wal-Mart has retail outlets, franchises, fruit facilities, etc. all over the world. (Jaffee 2005 2)In 1991, Sam Walton passed away. provided since this business was crapd on the basis of mission and values, therefore, the business is still a success. Here, one can think that what was the need for Wal-Mart to expand globally. Expansion into global market ingests a dif ferent set of strategies, tactics, cookery and training. These all cannot be duplicated with the local ones. Most of the companies are directing their expansion towards ternion world countries especially China due to decreased labor costs, friendly tax structure and raw material costs, etc. yield chain management was one of the cornerstones of the Wal-Mart success. Wal-Mart gained market share due to its safe supply chain management and well-trained employees. These employees are called Associates. Additionally, a mixture of toughened branding and low-price with high quality products adds up to the success of Wal-Mart as a market leader. With all these strengths and plusses, Wal-Mart is still facing bothers in global expansion due to very bad political and economic conditions added with instability all over the world, especially in markets where Wal-Mart is currently serving. Also, the company is facing earnest competition from the local competitors as well. at that place was a strong addiction on ethno-centrism approach by Wal-Mart. But this perception of dependence on ethno-centrism approach was suddenly changed after the expansion experiences of the company in Korea, japan, Germany, China, etc. Wal-Mart was producing similar products all over the world where it operates. These experiences make it very fix that global strategy should be changes as standardized products are ineffective to satisfy the needs of consumers all around the globe.While identifying strategy for Wal-Mart expansion, we observe that linked States governments subsidies play a vital role in the success of retail businesses. These subsidies help the company to make foreign hazards overseas. This is generally sure in case of stable financial markets. But in todays instable market, it is not necessary that Wal-Mart will become a success by followers this strategy. But there is still a hope for Wal-Mart that with the increase in world population, the potential market of Wal-Mar t will increase but this will require Wal-Mart to integrate latest technological advancements in its delivery process.In this report, we are arguing that Wal-Mart should adopt the strategy of making joint ventures with local players (leaders). This will definitely make Wal-Mart a success as it is one of the leading brand names and possess well-reputed supply chain management throughout the world.With the death of Sam Walton, the doors of opportunities for Wal-Mart were restricted in United States. This was not the main reason. The primary reason was that the market of US was saturated for Wal-Mart which forces Wal-Mart to expand its operations to global markets. (Das 2008 19-33)OPPORTUNITIES THREATSThreatsExpanding globally is not an easy task. It seems that expansion to international market is not difficult for a retailer like Wal-Mart. But this not the true case. There are certain threats for markets for expanding to international market. There are discussed belowSupply grasp M anagementIt is a detail that Wal-Mart is considered to be the pioneers of implementation of systems and processes. In feature, when it comes to in relieve oneselfation systems, Wal-Mart can be called as the founders. It is Wal-Mart, who possesses a very strong and reliable information system from production to delivery. The scattering network of Wal-Mart is said to be the most effective and effective in the world. It was in 1997 when Wal-Mart realized that the existing supply chain management is not enough to fulfill the needs of Korean market. The existing supply chain was more than sufficient for the local market, but it proved to be a failure in the host market. One of the major reasons for this cranny was that in Korea, there was no existence of any compatible supply chain infrastructure which can provide support to the supply chain integration technology of Wal-Mart. Additionally, the Koraen distribution channel was a mismatch to sophisticated and system supported supply c hain strategies of Wal-Mart. A solution to this problem was for Wal-Mart to create some relations with supply-chain partners, but this process was too unwilling due to lazy market puts and non-technical mindsets. (Sandelands 2004 5-14)National Cultures and Sub-CulturesAnother key progeny for Wal-Mart in global expansion was the difference of cultures. Management of Wal-Mart believed that standardized products will meet their targets all over the world. They forget that different spate go to different cultures and have different cultural needs. An example of such attribute is that Wal-Mart insisted its sales representatives not to pass a smile during sales. Many of the shoppers complained that it seems that the sales representatives are flirting with customers by passing a smile. Similar case occurred in China. Chinese customers wanted fresh diet which is harvested in take care of the customers. Or at least the animal should be killed spontaneously. There was a high resistance for this demand by Wal-Mart but later the company recognized this as a cultural need and implemented the aforementioned(prenominal) in China. (Malnight 2005 119-141)Global Pricing and Discounting StrategyPeople want discounts. several(predicate) cultures have different determine strategies. The global expansion in China, Germany and Britain represent a pricing threat to Wal-Mart. In these markets, the local retailers have very well established pricing strategies which creates a best match mingled with the pricing patterns and the demands and habits of the respective local customers. Breaking the ice in these markets and background knowledge competitive prices is one of the most challenging tasks for Wal-Mart. (Terptsra and Sarathy 2004 88)OpportunitiesWal-Mart has an fortune to create alliances with the local retailers or other entities in order to cater the global market more effectively and effectively.Global expansion will create an opportunity for Wal-Mart to introduce o utlets at discordant global locations. This will help Wal-Mart to set forth its market share by expanding to a number of consumer markets in Asia and all over the world.Expansion to global markets will provide an opportunity to Wal-Mart for bring down costs of production. The new markets will also give Wal-Mart an opportunity to benefits from various tax structures which are business-friendly. Also the company can benefit from low cost of labor and raw materials in different parts of the world. (Philip and Doole 2004 332) summaryThe strategy currently followed by Wal-Mart is termed as everyday low prices strategy. This strategy is very profitable in United States. But if we talk some Korea and lacquer, this strategy is totally a failure. The reason for this everyday low price strategy failure is that consumers in Korea and Japan are prestige conscious. They recover good buying expensive products but with highest quality. (Paliwoda 2008 192) The market saturation of United Stat es and ethnocentric predisposition of Wal-Mart made a gateway for global expansion. In global strategy, companies generally standardize their products which results in ignorance of the needs of local customers. This sincerely is a big flaw and Wal-Mart should address this by creating a narrate local strategy for US. (Bradley 2007 69)The main problem in global expansion for Wal-Mart was integrating the cultural needs of the customers. This was approach by Wal-Mart in Japan and Korea. Wal-Mart was unable to create culturally acceptable stores in both locations. (Axtell 2009 45-49) Additionally, Wal-Mart faced some distribution channel problems in these locations as well. In case of Japan, customers want highest quality even if they are bound to pay uttermost price. This trend of pricing made Wal-Mart a failure in Japan as Wal-Mart was focusing on low price strategy. (Dixie 2008 72)RECOMMENDATIONSSupply Chain ManagementFormation of Joint Ventures (JV) with Local RetailersJoint vent ures are a major source of entering in a new market. Wal-Mart should create joint ventures in major locations where profitability has been forecasted. For joint ventures, foreign entities require brand name and repute which Wal-Mart already has. For example, if Wal-Mart choose to expand to Brazil, it would be mandatory for Wal-Mart to create local presence. This can be in the form of joint ventures or partnerships. This is a governmental requirement which has to be house by. This will help Wal-Mart to share the risk of doing business in a new location as the partner or joint venture firm will be there to help Wal-Mart cater this. This is also very true for Asian and Arab countries. (Mkandawire 2006 129 -132)Divide Products into High-End and Low-End CategoriesProduct division into high end and low end categories can prove to be a very operative strategy for Wal-Mart. As discussed earlier, Japanese want highest quality products and they are willing to pay higher prices. Categorizing products into high end and low end categories will definitely provide support for these types of markets. Additionally, the food products in local markets might vary which requires Wal-Mart to maintain a wide portfolio of food products. In order to meet these needs, Wal-Mart should have enough knowledge closely local tastes and preferences. (Cain 2005 58)Differentiation against Others that Offer Low-Price Store-Brand ProductsWal-Mart should adopt the strategy of making some differentiation between the stores that are in urban areas with that of their counterparts in the suburbs. This should be done to cater the demands of the individual customers as the customers in urban areas are very different from those in suburbs their demands, shopping habits, preferences, etc. Additionally, it is a fact that local retailers have a very strong grip over the market. So, in order to expand in an international market, Wal-Mart should focus on the needs of customers according to their respectiv e areas. Wal-Mart should adopt local norms, strong distribution channels and information system integration in order to expand internationally. (Helmberger and Patson 2009 102)National Cultures and Sub-CulturesCultural AwarenessCultures and behaviors play a very significant role in development of habits and preferences of the customers. Wal-Mart should consider the cultural preferences of individual markets internationally so as to have a grip on market instantly. For example, in Japanese culture, low price means that the quality is also low and it is very insulting for Japanese customers to opt for a low quality product. On the other hand, in third world countries, people are always looking for low price and high quality. So, Wal-Marts strategy of low prices can be a success in third world countries like Pakistan, India, etc. while the same strategy would be a failure in case of Japan or Korea. So, Wal-Mart should tack its strategy according to the local culture of individual mark ets. Introducing a standardized strategy all over the world will be a failure for Wal-Mart. (Dixie 2008 72)Make Public Relations a Core expertnessCore competencies are those strengths on which the company can rely in its hard times as well. In order to succeed internationally, Wal-Mart should work on making public relations its core competency. Also it is very important for Wal-Mart to contribute something to the society or community in which it is operating and expanding. This will definitely create a very positive run into of Wal-Mart on the host community/country. (Mkandawire 2006 129 -132)Global Pricing and Discounting StrategyOne price fits all doesnt suits while the company is expanding internationally. Wal-Mart should find out different pricing and discount packages which match the demands, preferences and purchasing power of the individual customers in the host country. Different cultures have different pricing preferences. Wal-Mart should design its pricing and discount policy according to the preferences and acceptance of local customers. This will definitely help Wal-Mart to successfully expand in international markets. (Cain 2005 58)CONCLUSIONIn conclusion, we can say that Wal-Mart should adopt different strategies for different markets. It would not be wrong to say that One Strategy Doesnt Fits All. This requires Wal-Mart to identify and analyze different markets having opportunities for it. In case of Japan, Wal-Mart will have to change its strategy but in case of third world countries, the same strategy of eternally Low Price can reap the fruits of success for Wal-Mart. These are some recommendations which Wal-Mart should adopt to remain one of the largest retailers of the world.

Saturday, March 30, 2019

Toyota Production System Case Study

Toyota Production placement Case Study1.1. macrocosmThe Toyota Production System (TPS) which was developed by Toyota Motor Corporation in 1970s is the Toyotas unique business approach and it becomes the worldwide application of harvest-tideion agreement in numerous companies (Moden, 1991). The of import objective of TPS is to better their manufacturing forge by cutting off overburden and un as yetness and elimination of muff in the cover.The purpose of this assignment aims to assess the progress of a medium-sizingd look phoner which is blend ining in commercial start outs and more or less sequences on role-build drops. As a representative of youth generation of the society, the causation recognises that at that place ar m both problems alive in the puzzle out of executing a proposal of the ships comp whatever. Hence, benefit and re jellation of the society is in effect(p)ly necessitateed by their defects on the march.In this report, the author get out investigate tout ensemble problems in the conjunction in the terminuss of ii grades in a reflection look pre- face and construction phase. The author afterward result indicates the theory of lam in construction to view as in the familiarity in arrangement to cypher problems. The amelioration of the society bequeath be analysed base on the nonplus of TPS dramatics diagram. Fin wholey, the implementation and further ontogeny of the whole knead volition be discussed.1.2. order overviewIn this assignment, the author is going to analyse a construction come with as described in assignment scenario. It is a medium sized construction firm takeing mostly on traditional office and commercial finds (gained by dint of bidding) and some judgment of convictions on design-build meets. As a construction firm, the company is aw atomic number 18 of the role of final causening is the indispensable process of any take in. Harris (2006, p65) indicated both types of archite ctural inventionning which atomic number 18 strategic and usable purposening. The first type has been penalise by the client and integrated squad which involves proposal outline of the foresee such as scopes, procurance route, snip and financing. The operational externalise, in contrast, result depict the process strived in to apiece one detail of acoustic projection in detail. The operation of purposening process and pertain problems of the company volitioninging describe be deplorableThe company has a magisterial broadcastning and perplexity system for construction projects, starting from a overtake muniment and related triggerial plans for plant, individualnel, worldlys etc. plans for shorter term be derived from the headmaster plan, lasting to each week plans, and the progress is monitored and feedback to management.The current deal is the usage of the plan it seems non being attracted staffs to the master plan, as multitude mostly do non t ake apart this plan. Even if the master plan is used, completely in each of the tasks in this plan atomic number 18 non sorted in logical way, hence the plan looks chaotically. Consequently, the project potbellynot go swimmingly and the company always meet an nauseated rush when the deadline is coming.The company could starts their construction process in just two weeks after winning the bid, even if the project has been happening for years and it has been knowing for one year. So that, some sequence the avower does not eat up ample preparation for their spring, they will start the work as briefly as they can.Financial control in the company is tight, and e genuinely fabric and work package is procured for its worst footing.Some conviction, the construction works in the site pay to be delayed or even stopped due to shortage of visible and labour resources in the construction site, especially in handsome project, those notes happen regularly.The communication on the site is not genuinely good. It is the neglect of collaborationism among sub- avowers.The site personnel of company often seem to be exhausted by long hours and constant troubleshootingThe company seems too rocky to adapt the design and build projects when they atomic number 18 the DB trim downor of a project. This thing results from lacking(p) of design experience control of the company and the management experience of DB procurement system which is actually popular in construction industry in the United KingdomFinally, the amount of somatic fuck up transported from site is very lager more(prenominal)over the benefits from tight financial control seem to be lost by such follow leaked.As shown in the description above, it is provablely to see that the company has many disadvantages in order to manage a project. In the later separate of the assignment, the author will try to analyse particular problems and relieve oneself progressions found on the Toyota Product ion System theory.Chapter 2 outline of production process in the company2.1. cosmopolitan outline of the process mapOberlender (2000, p140) reason out planning is the vital process of any project, the better(p) planning is, the better project is achieved. In a construction project, Harris (2006, p65) indicated that there are two types of planning which are strategic and operational planning. The first type has been arranged by the client and integrated team which involves proposal outline of the project such as scopes, procurement route, time and financing. The operational plan, in contrast, will depict the process achieved in each full point of project in detail.In this assignment, the whole map of operation plan in construction process which is include the planning and execution process and the service procurement process will be drawn and analysed in order to take on the appropriate improvement of the company.2.2. Current process of the companyIn this assignment, the autho r is going to use UML activity diagrams to illustrate the map of pre-construction and construction processes.number 1 below show processes of construction project including pre-construction and construction format which is applied in the company.Figure 1 Pre-construction processFigure 2 Construction process2.3. Analysis of pre-construction process (1-12)2.3.1. Description of the mapIn the pre-construction stage, the company will divide construction work into many work packages and develop plans for petulanting. They thrust to formulate all the discipline well-nigh project and open a impression finally they will choose able sub- affirmers and material suppliers. thither are two main phases of this stage which are production information and scratchy action.Production information normally, the DB contractor will divide the whole work into many work packages with information of work, responsibility, enumeration and the cost for each package. The purpose of this phase is to help all the sub-contractors understand and prepare what they get down to do with their package. However, to do this, sub-contractors pack to prepare and win for the tender of those packages. Even tierce prescripts of a good project which are time, tint and cost are pressed the company always put the low expenditure as the top of anteriority.Tender documentation and tender action the company will be the client of work packages which are executed by sub-contractors. Sub-contractors are required to spend time to study product documents as they want to take part in the tender i.e. work packages. They likewise need to prepare the tender document and dress up for their own plan of works before they submit those documents to main contractor. establish on the prime(prenominal) of the tender documents and the reputation of sub-contractors, the company will take aim suitable contractors for each package and prepare the contracts with them. Normally, the contractors which offer the be st price will be selected.2.3.2. Existing problems in the processThere is insufficient information from the company in tender action moreover the company really pore on the cost and the lowest price contractor would be selected. Consequently, many aspects of project create been neglected i.e quality and time.2.4. Analysis of construction Stage (13-49)2.4.1. Description of the processThis is the main stage of any project with the end product is the whole CTG. The stage starts when the company establishes contract to sub-contractors which was indicated in the previous stages. Sometimes the design changes or the design teams accommodate some modifications. The changes in design in DB procurement will bequeath to many risks to client, so that before executing the works, main contractor and sub-contractors should spend time to review the detail design and subscribe to testimonial in order to avoid the risks. During the stage, the company is the main actor who arranges the site, and executes main works such as excavation, main building structure and so on meanwhile sub-contractors should engage their own plan for implementing their works at the right time.According to Angus (2003, p137), in this stage, changes may be have in either term design or construction even they are not expected in advance. If the changes happen, the cost of the project will change, the result may be serious in DB procurement regularity. Hence, in this stage, correct planning and sufficient controlling can be the most critical issue to achieve the construction of project. Whenever, the change is achievable, all of the concerned parties should take part in discussions in order to find a way to castrate the bad effects as often as possible.The current planning process can be split up by four main parts as followGeneral Master Plans (made 3 periodical for the whole life time of the project process 13-16) Planning surgical incision under the control of project private instructor wil l develop the master plan in order to fix sure the project will be executed within the form constrains with the association of health and safety problems (Mawdesly, 1997).Develop Sectional Master Plans (made monthly for the next 3 months process 17-25) The General Master Plan will be developed by the planning department based on the normal master plan and scopes which are issued by Project coach-and-four (Mawdesly, 1997). More detail plan for personnel, labours and material will be extend to ensure that aims of general master plan will be attained. formerly all the departments receive the sectional master plan, they have to review the plan and make re dreams in order to make a feasible plan for the whole teams.Develop Weekly Plans (made weekly for next 3 weeks process 26-36) Weekly plans are derived from the Sectional Master plan. all(a) the affect parties have to develop their own plan and make the recommendation to Planning department in order to establish an appropriate pl an. According to Mawdesly (1997, p10) the weekly plan have to ensure the efficiency of resources indicated from the previous plan so as to reach the project objectives.Construction process (36-48) The construction works start up with the preparation of construction site. As the main contractor, the company will execute all the main work on site, meanwhile other contractors (sub-contractors, material suppliers) need to have plan to deliver their products as indicated on their plans. all(prenominal) week, all of the contractors require issuing the progress report and sending them to project manager and clients organisation in order to control the construction works. This schedule, accord to Mawdesly (1997), there is little change of the plan because it will badly affect to construction progress of a project when uncertainty happens.2.4.2. Problems happen in the processThe company always implement the project very soon after they win in a tender, sometimes they could not foregathe r adequate stimulant drugs from intricate parties. As the result, less realistic and practical schedule are issued.Due to the lack of communication among parties in the project organisation, the general master and the sectional master plans are not appropriate and the difference happens within sub-contractors.There is not enough update for weekly schedule because of deficiency of attention on planning and the shortage of management skills. Thus, untrue workloads are unavoidable and almost sub-contractors have to rush near the deadline in order to finish works. As consequent, many critical aspects of successful project such as quality and time are not guaranteed.The company put the low price tender at the top of priority results in huge amount of unused inventory in construction site. Hence, in every project, there is large number of superfluitys occurring. In hyperkinetic syndromeition, lowest price will result in bad quality of material using in projects.As indicated above, an inappropriate schedule will lead to a problem of material distribution which is sometimes there are superabundant materials on site whereas sometime lack of material. All those things have bad results in bad performance of the construction process.2.5. Other problems in construction site2.5.1. Team work and collaborationAs mentioned in the company overview, the communication and collaboration among parties in a project is not good. This problem results in many errors on the construction site and when the assembly line occur the progress of construction will be affected.2.5.2. Staffs motifThe self-assertion of the company indicated that their staffs are not interested in making plan scheduling for the project and they seem not to have enough motivation to contribute to the development of those plan. There are many reasons cause the low motivation of staffs. One of them may come from the lack of communication and team-work among members staffs sometimes do not know what they shoul d do. The poor quality of plan is also another reason for the motivation of staffs.2.5.3. Physical waste product on site. base on the theory of Toyota production system which was presented by Liker, J., K. (2004), there are seven type of waste (Muda) in this scenario, they areOverproduction delayTransportationInappropriate processingUn infallible inventoryUnnecessary performanceDefectsIn this assignment, those issues below are main reason for physical waste on siteUnnecessary transport or conveyance nimiety inventory and Unnecessary movement Due to poor quality plan schedule (in both sectional and weekly plan), the plan of delivery material is not suitable, resulting in those type of wastes.Defects The bad quality material and design will cause many defects to the project. Hence, reparation, re-construction or replacement of any structures will increase waste in project.Chapter 3 Toyota Production contestation Principles3.1. penetration into Lean PrinciplesAccording to Liker (20 04), the major idea of Lean production is to tapthe pass judgment for customer while getting rid of waste added in the production process. In the other ways, skimpy production indicates producing more grade for customers withfewer resources.The lean production, in other words Toyota Production System or TPS, were firstly adapted by Toyota, the biggest car manufacture in the world when they developed a new mode of production, in which they focus on the customers and endeavour to reduce all type of waste as much as possible. In their new modes, Toyota has developed such tools which is becoming popular throughout the world, they are Just-In-Time (JIT), Kanban replenishment system and 5S theory.The idea of lean thinking was indicated in the Womack and Jones (1996) book, in which there are five principles line hold dear An accurate understanding of the precise needs of the customer is required. Hence, the Company needs to find out what the customer wants.Identify the Value be adr ift Value stream is the set of all necessary activities to achieve an plain product. Womack and Jones (1996) indicated that determining whole value stream for each product is very authorised step in order to identify muda (waste), maintain the value-adding activities and add more customer value (which should be consecutively meliorate).Flow McCarron (2006) think that in a process, all activities needs to run in a dogging flow. It marrow that work flow should be steadily without rupture up.Pull Womack and Jones (1996) concluded that it is better the make the customer pull the product rather than let the company push their product. So that, the company will produce what customer needs hence, eliminating waste.Perfection Last but not least, is the perfection, it can be described as the right amount of value added to clients. In the whole process, all activities, work flows have to go smoothly with minimising of waste. Moreover, the motivation of staffs needs to be consideri ng.3.2. Toyota 14 principlesIn the book The Toyota Way, Linker (2004) explained fourteen principles of the TPS, those principles will be summarised with the references of Learning Package 3Principle 1 Base your management decisions on a long philosophy, even at the expense of short-term financial goalsPrinciple 2 Create continuous process flow to bring problems to the surfacePrinciple 3 put on the Pull system to avoid overproductionPrinciple 4 level out the workload (Heijunka)Principle 5 Build a floriculture of stopping to fix problems, to get quality right the first timePrinciple 6 Standardize tasks are the initiation for continuous improvement and employee empowermentPrinciple 7 Use visual control so no problems are hiddenPrinciple 8 Use only reliable, thoroughly tested technology that serves your quite a little and processesPrinciple 9 mother leaders who thoroughly understand the work, live the philosophy, and teach it to others.Principle 10 Develop exceptional(a) plural ity and teams who follow your companys philosophyPrinciple 11 Respect your extended network of partners and suppliers by challenging them and helping them improvePrinciple 12 Go and see for yourself to thoroughly understand the spatial relation (Genchi Genbutsu)Principle 13 Make decisions slowly by consensus, thoroughly consider all options implement decisions rapidlyPrinciple 14 Become a learning organization through relentless reflection (Hansei) and continuous improvement (Kaizen)3.3. Lean production in constructionBjornfot (2006) stated that lean principles can be applied to construction based on five principle of Lean Thinking that was indicated by Womack and Jones (1996), they are Value, Value Stream, Flow, Pull and Perfection. Differences between construction and manufacturing process were mentioned by Cooper (2005) in which he exclamatory the lack of co-ordination and communication between parties in construction industry. In addition, it is not easy to forecast principal aspects of a construction project which are time, cost, quality and profit.Pheng and Fang (2005) indicated the term of lean construction as a contribution of construction best practice, moreover, lean construction is a combination of existing principles. The main significant features in which construction industry are polar to other industry can be listed as the huge size of project, the stillness of structure and great complexity.In order to simplify the lean theory applied to construction project, the author decided to use the specimen of Toyota House to analysis the company problem and indicate improvement for the company. The emblem below shows the model of Toyota House which was illustrated by Liker (2004)Figure 2 TPS House Diagram (Liker, 2004)To be explained the application of the improvement process, Liker (2004) believed that lean principles will be built as a house model. There are three critical structures Foundation and two Pillars and they all supported to the roof which is the continuous improvement of the process. If any of three structures is missing or fragile resulting as the improvement cannot be executed. Therefore, in order to improve the construction process, all of structure in the Toyota House should be considered carefully.3.3.1. FoundationThere are four aspects have to look at in the foundationToyota school of thought (Principle 1)Visual Management (Principle 7)Stable and Standardized processes (Principle 6)Levelled Production (Heijunka, Principle 4).3.3.2. PillarsThere are two pillars in the Toyota House model which are Just-In-Time (Principle 2, 3), Jidoka (Principle 5,8).Just-in-Time gibe to Toyota is the manufacturing of particular what they want to make at an accurate point of time with the exact amounts. Hence, using JIT can help the company eliminate wastes, and unprovided for(predicate) requirements in order to improve production process. Liker (2004) indicated some principles to consider in JITContinuous flow this ensu re the process will finish without any waste of time and material as well.Takt time the main part of one piece flow. Takt is the rate in which a product goes through process so as to reach the customer (Liker, 2004)Pull system as explained as a principle of Lean production.Quick transition the great power of process to have quick change when required.Integrated logistics partners of the company should apply JIT wherever process that they involve in the project.Jidoka pursual Toyota the term Jidoka is described as automation with a human touch. Womack and Jones (1996) made more clear explanation of Jidoka as the powerfulness of system to stop the work automatically when something wrong happens otherwise all of products have to be affirm with high quality. With the purpose of applying Jidoka, those aspects below need to be consideredAutomatic halt when any part of the process cannot satisfy the requirement.Andon is a caution indicator, it occurs when there is a mistake in the pro cess.Person Machine separation Following Toyota, this feature let people to warn any irregular condition of process and they can stop the operation of machinery so as to reduce the unnecessary waste.Error proofing is essential to stop machines automatically.In-Station quality control it heart the quality control have to be ensured within a stage before it goes to another stages hence reduce faulty product and waste (Liker, 2004)Solve root cause (5-whys) The application of 5-whys method acting is going to be used in this aspect. The problem will be investigate intensely with the purpose of solving problem (Linker, 2004).3.3.3. CentreThe constituent of this part includes deal Teamwork (Principle 9, 10, 11, 13), Waste reduction (Principle 12, 13, 14), Continuous improvement (Principle 14)People and TeamworkSelection It is important to select a person can fulfil the task. Inappropriate person can result faulty, delay and more waste to process.Common goals It is obvious that in an organisation, all members must have same goals in order to develop the organisation. Liker (2004) indicated that common goal is speared within the organisation from top to lowlife by the supply chain.Ringi decision making this aspect ensures that all the people involved to a process should take part in a decision of the improvement. Hence, all possible decisions will be considered.Cross-trained Persons ability to be able to perform different tasks to improve quality and productivity. (Liker, 2004)Waste reductionGenchi Genbutsu see principle 12 in part 3.25-whys is a method by asking Why in five times in order to find the original of a problem.Eyes for waste it means the company should take time to observe and control waste.Problem solving to find the problem at root level. Associated with 5-whys method to have the fare elimination of waste.Chapter 4 Improvement of current processes4.1. Lean measurementvictimization the model of Toyota House presented in the previous chapter, lean measurement of each issue happened in the process of the company will be mensurate in this part. In the table below, the sign x indicates that we can apply the aspect in with the purpose of improving a particular issue of a process.4.2. General improvement of the companyBased on the Lean Measurement table in part 4.1, the author indicates three aspects that very important for the company in general in which the indications of x are huge, they arePeople and TeamworkLong-term philosophyEyes for WasteWhen the company improve any stage of a project, they firstly should consider all of three aspects below. They are the principles for the development of the whole process, and they should take part in every part of process.4.2.1. People and team workIt is evident that people in the heart of any organisation, even in the high-technology era, the position of people is unchangeable in order to create and operate any smorgasbord of machine. Liker and Meier (2007) stated that in choosing an a ppropriate people with high skills and experiences is the key to achieve a successful process. In order to improve a process, the company needs to develop their staffs first, that is a way Toyota following. Even at that time, the company may not have a good enough staffs for all position. However, the company should have a long-run vision to train exceptional staffs for their important position of the company. Thus, they can improve their organisation. Liker and Meier (2007) suggested the first principle for a leader is the one who has capacity and desire to learn something from other (mean that he is not too self-opinionated). Moreover, Naoum (2001) indicated some more attributes which areLong-term vision which associates to the benefit of the company.capacity to make decisionConfident in his ability and his staffs as well.Liker (2004) convinced that the development of individual and the improvement of teamwork in the company should go together and have eternal rest between them. According to Hardingham (1995), improved team-work is able to decrease cost and develop the effectiveness of production process. Additional, Thompson (2000) persuaded the collaboration of the company will be increased when they are successful in teamwork. In order to achieve effective teamwork, he stated some elementsThe team should share a common goal and has enough ability to achieve the goal.Sufficiency of motivation to overcome the mission with high quality of performance.Flexible to harmonise their actions and communication.4.2.2. Long-term philosophyLiker (2004) indicated the semipermanent philosophy is the foundation of the other principle, so that the short term decisions need to be associated to the long-term vision of the company. As presented in the company brief, now the company really focus on the term of cost in the project, hence the balance among three factors of a project (time, cost and quality) is not guarantee. Following Liker (2004, p114) and Imai (1991, p49), Toyota had serious thinking of making a product which give more value to customers with good quality at acceptable price. Hence, they did not put the price as the top of their company. Based from this study, the author indicates that the company should change the long-term philosophy as the way Toyota is executing i.e. Value for customer and quality of project not only the lowest price.Imai (1991) stated that the improvement cannot be finished if there is not any standard. Hence, the establishment standard is necessary for any organisation or project in order to make improvements. Moreover, he also concluded the Kaizen (continuous improvement) is called as never-ending efforts for improvement, it can be understood that when a standard achieved, the better standard will be occurred and then this become the next goal of the process. The figure below will show the PDCA cycle or in other words is a Continuation of the Deming Wheel, which indicates the cycle of continuous improvement.4.2 .3. Eyes for wasteThis aspect was presented in the part 3.3.3The main principle of Lean Production is eliminating waste in process. Thus, it is clear that every people within the organisation should care about waste issue. The company requires ensuring all of their employees and partners must observe any waste in the whole process and do the best to reduce wastes as much as possible.4.3. Analysis of improvement in Pre-construction and construction phase4.3.1. Pre-construction ProcessAs mentioned in part 2.3, problems existing in this stage of project include which are insufficient information from the company in tender action and the concentration of cost of the company. Hence, the quality of the sub-contractors and suppliers are not very good and sometime they could not afford the quality and time of the project.In order to improve the tender documents, the company must have standards for their tender, so that when they reach those standards the document will have good quality. Hen ce, sub-contractors and suppliers have to make their documents carefully before submitting. As a result, the quality of the process will improve. Moreover, using Ringi decision with the participation of all departments involved to project will help the company establish a quality tender documentIn the solution for choosing lowest tender, initially, the company should apply the method of Solve root cause problems to find the origin reasons. Using 5 whys technique is a good answer for this situation. Reasons may relate to the long-term vision of the company in which the cost is focused.4.3.2. Construction ProcessThe problems in is phase were explained in part 2.4, in order to solve problems and make improvement, the author will divided construction into many issues and analyse development of each of them. There are five issues in the processa. input for planning processOne of the problems in this process is the lack of input from in involved parties, as stated in the pre-construction phase, using persistent and standardised process and Ringi decision techniques can be solution for this issue. All the sub-contractors and suppliers should work enthusiastically until they get the standards established by the company, moreover they have to involve to any decision related to their contributions.b. Updating plan scheduleOne of trouble is the implementation of a project is very proto(prenominal) so that the company do not have enough time for the preparation of construction works. In addition, weak collaboration between involved parties results to an unsuitable plan schedule (including sectional master plan and weekly master plan).The first technique can used to improve the situation is stable and standardised technique. It means that when the updating the Master schedule, the company need to attain their standard which is the foundation for any further improvement. The second method is the application of Pull system, the sectional and weekly plan should base on act ual conditions on construction site, the construction department, particularly the site department. To be explained this point, the construction department is the one who control all the works on site, they will have whole understanding of what is happening on site, so they can make an appropriate plan for the project. In addition, all the involved parties such as suppliers, sub-contractors and other departments should have involvement to make a plan that suitable for them. Another issue that is important in this process is the quality of plan. In order to achieve this aim, the application of creating continuous flow, lev

Analysis of Africas Economy

Analysis of Africas EconomySeveral economists around the world ar wondering whether the mass of Afri atomic number 50s are benefiting from investment funds and profits originating from the unblemished. Afri digest leaders have been in the media claiming that Africa is experiencing one of the highest economic harvesting place in the recent past. However, a growing gap in the midst of the rich and the poor, sum up in cost of biography and cost of consumer goods has disproportionate effects on working people as well as the poor. Countries such as Nigeria and gold coast that have reported to be undergoing economic exploitation are experiencing intragroup crisis linked to a ascension cost of living and request to annex government expenditure on infrastructural development (Ndulu 5).Despite the point that Nigeria was named as the largest sparing in Africa, its women, youth, farmers and workers are increasing their demand for nark to quality life, resources and wealth. Fur thermore, several alarming reports indicate that the economic growths in unlike parts of Africa are more complicated than the leaders indicate. As result, a research was conducted to unearth the issues behind the economic problems, how African governments and leaders can address them (Ndulu 37).The major problem investigated is the interconnection between economy, social and policy-making leadership with the current economic situation across Africa. It was crucial to contemplate case studies and literature reviews containing information on African Economy. They crushd relevant trade publications, annual economic reports, newspapers, magazines and on-line databases. Because of the time particularors, the researchers relied aboutly on web for data because it is faster and economical. Volunteers from public and private sectors, African economists, workers, international Monetary Fund, World Bank and African Development Bank provided requirement literature through the publicatio ns. The large pool of participants allowed the researchers to obtain wide hurl of data that was then crosschecked against other data to ascertain its validity.It was necessary to analyze data from various African countries such as Nigeria, gold coast, Kenya, Democratic democracy of Congo and South Africa. Nigeria was preferred because it is the economic powerhouse of Africa while Ghana is on the right path to democracy in Africa. Kenya seems to growing both(prenominal) egalitarianally and economically while Democratic Republic of Congo was considered because it has commodious vivid resources. It was also necessary to compared the economies of such countries, analyze the various natural resources found in those countries, evaluate various sources of income. Finally, analysis of the relationship between democracy and economic growth, natural resources and economic growth and the relationship between economic growth and living standards of individuals was crucial (Ndulu 179).The research process indicates that African economy is promising to grow up to 4.7% during this year and accelerate to 5% in 2015. However, the growth in economy does non translate to base development, line mental hospital, improved standards of living as well as decrease of high poverty level as well reducing variety in Africa (African Development Bank 1). West African countries like Nigeria and Ghana continue to experience highest levels of economic levels ranging between 6.7% 7% and are likely to increase further by 2015. The economic growth is due to investment in minerals and oil, democratic governments and good leadership. East Africa is equally experiencing economic growth that has increased up to 6% from last year (Economic Commission for Africa 39). Kenyas economy has openhanded due to increased consumer spending Tanzanians economy has grown due to higher consumption and investment in natural gas. Lastly, Uganda economy is being enhanced by development in telecommunic ations, transport, construction as well as construction of burgeoning oil industry. In the southern neighbourhood of the continent, the growth is likely to go up from 3.6% to 4.2% due to increased investments and rising mineral mining in South Africa. Economic growth in Africa will be weakest in North Africa due to political unbalance in the regions and fleeing of investors (Ndulu 193).The research notes that Africa economy is driven by exports, mineral growing and commodity production, but the rate is not tho optimal. This is because job creation is weak and the growth has not addressed poverty issues, poor living standards and rising inequality(Westenholz-Bless Achola 97).. The informal sector is still very large yet opportunities re master(prenominal) limited for those seeking employment. This is evident by high evaluate of youth unemployment as well as wide gender disparities in employment and earnings. Furthermore, increased pressure on labor markets due to increase in pop ulation pressure means no any ample impact can be felt by the majority citizens. The researchers naturalised that weak job creation is brought about by overreliance on floriculture and mining as source of employment. Overreliance on farming leaves various countries unvaccinated to weather-related shocks. In do-gooder to this, complaisant wars continue to pose a huge threat to economic activities in countries like the Democratic Republic of Congo, important African Republic, South Sudan and Somalia (Ndulu 200).Though Nigeria is believed to be the economic powerhouse of Africa, the awkward has serious unresolved problems linked to distribution of wealth and living conditions of the majority Nigerians. According to the graph below, most Nigerians are unsatisfied with their government because the rates of poverty and unemployment are highest in Nigeria compared to other African countries despite the fact that it is the economic power house of Africa (see figure 01). Furthermore, the rate of employment seems to be increasing yearly. Unequal distribution of resources in the country has led to an internal conflict in northern part of the country. The conflict was associated with the majority northerners, who are poor, led to stagnated economic growth in the region. There has been other instances of battery and abduction of schoolchildren in Nigeria as way of protesting against unequal distribution of resources and declining job opportunities. This has compelled most youths to engage in criminal activities to obtain money to cater for their expenses. initiation University of Twente. Nigeria Energy Study name, Enabling Urban Poor Livelihood insurance policy Making correspondence the Role of Energy Services. May 2014, Figure 01.Africans must(prenominal) rise up and determine their own destiny without any fear. From the results of the findings, thither is a clear relationship between a peaceful democratic country and economic growth. Countries like Ghana and South Africa have undergo economic development due to peaceful elections and responsible leaders who hike up investors to invest in the countries. Rwanda that was on brink of self-destruction due to civil war in 1994 is now experiencing high rates of economic growth due to good leadership. This is a clear indication that security of a country is directly related to economic growth. Security ensures everyone gets an opportunity to go to work, students go to school and other economic activities take place. In addition to this, it gives the country a humble time of producing quality goods to sell ab road. As result, the country obtains revenue from the economic activities that lead to economic growth (Hughes, mill about Street, 01).Africans must also rid of overreliance on minerals and farming as the main source of livelihood. Countries like Uganda and Kenya have created job opportunities in sectors like road construction, trade activities, and telecommunication sector and transp ortation industry. The situation shows various job opportunities that can be created outside the traditional ones. In order to avoid uncertainties that come with climatic changes, Africans should utilize their rivers and lakes to create irrigation schemes. They should borrow irrigation technology from Israel that is a desert country yet it produces more food than it can consume. Lastly, Africans should pick up family planning methods. The report indicated that most parents give birth to more children than they can take care of. This increases pressure on the limited resources in the continent (Hughes, Mills Street 1).Works CitedAfrican Development Bank. Nigeria Economic Outlook. 2014. Web. 15 May 2014.Economic Commission for Africa. Economic Report on Africa 2008 Africa and theMonterrey Consensus tracking Performance and Progress Overview. Addis Ababa Economic Commission for Africa, 2008. PrintHughes, Ian. Mills, Greg. Street, Michael. The solution to Africas woes lies with Afri cans, not the west. The Observer mag. 10 March 2013. Web. 12 May 2014.Ndulu, B J.The governmental Economy of Economic Growth in Africa, 1960-2000. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2008. Print.University of Twente. Nigeria Energy Study Report 2005, Enabling Urban Poor Livelihood Policy Making Understanding the Role of Energy Services. 2005. Web. 12 May 2014.Westenholz-Bless, Claire. Paul P. W. Achola.Fundamentals of Social query Methods An African Perspective. Cape Town, South Africa Juta Legal and Academic Publishers, 2007. Print.

Friday, March 29, 2019

The Opponents And Supporters Of Neoliberalism

The Opp hotshotnts And Supporters Of NeoliberalismWhen one speaks of world(a)ization what derives to mind is basically the pecuniary sphericalization, which has occurred since the mid-1980s and has been associated with an make up in capital flows among industrial countries and, much nonably, between industrial and developing countries (Prasad et al. 2003). Since so a, whatsoevertimes, contested debate has emerged as to the effects of pecuniary integproportionn on developing economies. Appargonntly, in order to assess whether globalization, financial or globalization in its across-the-boardr sense, has been a boon or bane we read to hand over a standard of suggestence. The writer believe that the more(prenominal) or little objective, value- muster step up, standard of comparison is to provide in the air division 1 several(prenominal) useful definitions of Globilization and Neoliberalism, then distinguish between those two definitions and besides apologise the A nti- globalization movement. In section 2 the writer discusses some of these competing conferences. These troika discourses atomic number 18 start-off of all, Joseph Striglitz who grapple that globalization is potentially beneficial, but it must be made to work, that it implys of adult male face, second discourse is the free affair economists such as Jagdish Bhagwati and financial times journalist Martin barbarian, who argue that globalization already works, that it has a human face and final discourse ar scholars such as Marxist geographer David Harvey and Subcommandante Marcos, spokesperson of Mexi enkindle mount movement the Zapatistas, who argue that neoliberal globalization involves assembly by legal ouster, that is the twenty-five percent bea war. Finally, in section 4 the writer derives her conclusion.In addition, this probe has a come on material of globalization as appendices which are incorporated as follows. In Section 1 we provide some further defini tions. In Section 2 we discuss some theoretical controversys in favour and against globalization. In Section 3, we present the empirical evidence when it comes to the benefits of be of globalization. globalization is a continuing process that integ evaluate regional economies, communities and cultures done a network of communications and business dealings (Dicken 2007). Globalisation is to the highest degreely apply to refer to economic globalization. This is however not the show window. Globalisation is a reality, not one that affects finance scarce but almost all the aspects of human life. Globalisation has effects on technology, culture, and entertainment. Globalisation is viewed as being influenced by a blend of positionors like economic, technical, br some otherly, heathenish, governmental and scientific. The earliest commentary of this idea was coined by the United States businessman who was later made a minister, Charles Taze Russell (Khor 2001). He came up with the experimental conditioninology, corporate giants in the year 1897. Since the time this idea was conceived, it has move galore(postnominal) other definitions and definitions (Bordo 2002).The UN ESCWA has revealed that globalization is a term that has a wide range of usage and as a outlet has numerous definitions (Harvey 2007). When the term is utilise from the finance perspective, it refers to the lessening and elimination of regional boundaries between countries for the usance of facilitating the transfer of capital, products, services, and workforce (Glyn 2006). Tom Palmer describes globalisation as the reduction or removal of state-enforced constraints on transfer of products and services across boundaries and the incorporated and sophisticated global systems of manufacturing and exchange that has come up as a result. doubting Thomas Friedman has investigated the effects of globalisation and claims that globalisation and politics earn transformed the human beings co mpletely. The changes have been two positive and negative (Dicken 2007).According to Takis Fotopoulos, globalisation is the import of methodical movements revealing the foodstuff blank economic systems grow-or-die nature (Perraton 2001). This is the case following the rapid growth of multinational enterprises. Due to the fact that these movements have not been counterbalance efficiently by counter-tendencies that could have come from labour movements and other sorts of political actions, the result has been globalisation. This is a complicated and an irrevoc satisfactory occurrence within the outline of the commercialise economy. This phenomenon is evident as financial globalisation, that is, the opening and deregulation of the market which has vitrined the current form of neoliberalism (Bordo 2002).The globalisation since the Second military man War as resulted from the making of the politicians. They began attempting to eliminate the boundaries hindering business to raise affluence and interdependency thus decreasing the opportunities for another war. The works of the politicians made possible the Bretton woodwind instrument Conference (Held 1999). This was a conference by the influential politicians of the world, to come up with a system for global commerce and finance. This was also an effort to evidence global institutions that could see this come to pass. The two major institutions that were thought of were the World patois and the International Monetary Fund. Since then the policies of this two institutions have touch globalisation. Globalisation is also evident as political globalisation, that is, the coming up of international elites and the removal of the all-powerful nation-states of the bygone. There is also the design of cultural globalisation, that is, the uniformity of culture all over the world. Others are ideological, technological and affectionate globalisation (Bordo 2002).NeoliberalismThis term is used to refer to economic liberalism. This term was used for the first time in 1960s by Marxists. It used to refer to the finance policies founded on neoclassical theories of economics (Harvey 2007). These philosophies reduce the role contend by the state and increase the private enterprise orbit. Neoliberalism is used to as a critic to the policies and ideas of contemporary administrations and the major international finance institutions. The looking is also used in cultural studies as a description for social, cultural and political activities and policies that utilise the excogitations of marketplaces, economical efficiency, consumer preference and business deals (Hardt and Negri 2000). primarily speaking, neoliberalism tries to transfer a portion of the control of the economy from the unrestricted sector to the private sector. This is done in the assumption that the process will be given to more efficient governments and improve the economic growth of a country. The invention of neoliberalism is derived from the uppercase Consensus. This was a list of policies proposed, that seemed to have been agreed on among the international financial agencies based in cap, such as the IMF and the World Bank (Husler 2002). Neoliberalism is thus as set of finance policies that became widely used since the 1990s. These policies have been imposed unto governments by the international financial institutions (Harvey 2007).Neoliberalism and globalisationIn most cases neoliberalism and globalisation are used interchangeably. These two are however tie in due to the finance nature that binds them. Noam Chomsky puts forward the claim that globalisation disregard be used in a doctrinal fleck of view, to point to the neoliberalism.The notion of neoliberal views the state as an enterprise. The enterprise sells itself as a market place, instead of trading in export products (Held 2004). In case the government in power is a neoliberal one, it will consume the policies designed by the financial in stitutions in making the country divulge for investments. Where these investments and business deals are dome on a global level, then Globalisation prevails. Globalisation is thus linked to neoliberalism where the marketplace is used to trade in global arena (Harvey 2007).Anti-globalisation movementThis is the term utilised in describing the political theme that is opposed to the neoliberalism. Some criticisms of globalisation are some of the reasons used in resister to the neoliberalism. This movement comprises some of the processes and action piddlen by nations or the citizens in the effort of demonstrating its sovereignty and carry out separate decision-making. This may take place in an attempt to preserve hindrances to the international movement of labour, products or beliefs. This can also take place as a counselling of preventing market deregulation, promoted by institutions like the IMF or the WTO (Perraton 2001). Naomi Klein asserts that the term anti-globalisation m ovement can be used to refer to tho one movement or as an umbrella terminology that encompasses more than one movement. In either case, the members of such movement(s) stand in opposite word to neoliberalism (Husler 2002).Globalisation needs a human faceJoseph Stiglitz is kn protest as one of the great contributors to the familiarity of economics. He contributed to the economics of asymmetric knowledge and the issue of efficient wages. According to Stiglitz (2007), globalisation is a close interrelatedness between nations and community. He cannot be said to be against globalisation because fit in to him it has the potential to achieve good to the world. He claims that as a result of globalisation, it is now possible for flock to have longer lives and achieve divulge living standards. Stiglitz asserts that despite the fact that globalisation has the potential it has not operated the room it ought to have worked (Stiglitz 2007). He sees as if something has at peace(p) terribl y wrong because globalisation has not delivered its promises to the people. Globalisation has not provided better lives for those in need of its evaluate advantages. As a matter of fact, Stiglitz argues that globalisation has led to concentration of resources in one place leading to high levels of dissimilarity. This has taken place between nations as intimately as within nations. It has led to increase rates of mendicancy and decreased rate of independence. In his personal point of view, the hail of individuals living in need in the African continent has increased twice in the last twenty years or so. In the industrialised countries the rate of wages for the working class has also gone down. All this has taken place due to the fact that globalisation has been mismanaged. This message that the issue is not globalisation, but the pitiful perplexity of globalisation. This is why Stiglitz asserts that globalisation gather ups a human face (Stiglitz 2006).This is the further way that it can be made to function. According to Stiglitz, the policies that need to be targeted for globalisation to work are those of International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. He also cites neoliberalism and the working capital Consensus as the general targets in the right-hand(a) management of globalisation (Stiglitz 2006).The description of neoliberalism according to Stiglitz is the grab-bag of ideologies that is founded on the fundamentalist concept that marketplaces are self-correcting, distribute assets effectively, and take into account the interests of the people very well. It is this marketplace notion that propel Thatcherism, Reaganomics, and the Washington Consensus (Stiglitz 2003). Stiglitz points out that the International Monetary Funds is the major villain in this issue. This is because this institution has pressured the neo-liberal policies, on the Third World countries without pickings into consideration their import in prevailing conditions (Stiglitz 2 002). The outcomes of these policies to the developing countries have in very many occasions been detrimental. The global financial agencies have regarded a ad hoc philosophy, that of market fundamentalism. This ideology as turned to be bad economics as well as bad politics. This idea is founded on principles concerning the surgical process of markets that are not operational even in the global economies. The policies have been forced to the fiat without even taking into account the understanding of the rescript or even the role of economics in the community. These policies have also been imposed in manners that are undermining to the budding democracies (Stiglitz 2002).Stiglitz is particularly against financial and market liberalisation citing the fact that this leads to economic instability. According to Stiglitz, this concept was a key contributor to the East Asian Financial Crisis (Stiglitz 2002). He asserts that if globalisation has failed due to the enforcement of Washing ton Consensus, as well as policies and lack of proper management, then the solution would be implementation of proper policies and good constitution of globalisation. He argues that if globalisation was well managed, then it would bring in a lot of benefits to both the developed and the developing nations. Stiglitz proposes reforms to the global financial institutions (Stiglitz 2003).Globalisation has a human faceThis is a somewhat contradictory concept to the earlier one of globalisation needs a human face. This concept is brought up by a colleague of Stiglitz, Jagdish Bhagwati. He claims that the concept of globalisation needs a global face is wrong (Bhagwati 2004). This is because this notion sends a false signal. He argues that globalisation has a human face and it is up to us to sustain that face more agreeable. Bhagwati introduces two kinds of critic of globalisation. The first one is the huge number of strong opponents who possess strong opposition for globalisation. Conver sations with this group of protestors are impossible. The second group is of the opponents whose dissatisfaction is well within the limits of modal(prenominal) dispute and dialogue. This group argues that globalisation is the cause of very many social troubles like meagerness, illiteracy, pincer labour, inequality in women, and deterioration of the environment. This group of critics require an extended and well thought of response. In the response there is need to have adequate assessment of a variety of issues surrounding globalisation. These are the issues addressed by both Bhagwati and Wolf. One of the issues is poverty (Bhagwati 2007).According to Bhagwati poverty has for a long time been associated with globalisation. The response to the critics concerning this issue is that business promotes maturation and emergence reduces poverty. To support this argument Bhagwati cites two nations that have been a multitude of poverty, that is, India and china. The two countries move d to outward orientation about two decades ago. This was the add factor to their high economic development in the 80s and 90s (Bhagwati 2007). During this period poverty went down considerably in both countries. Martin Wolf agrees with the argument that the ratio of standard incomes in the developed nations to those in the developing nations has been going up in this period of globalisation. He also acknowledges the fact that the gap in the living standards between the rich and the poor has also continued to widen. heretofore Wolf reaches to the conclusion that international inequality amongst people has gone down, with the poetry of the persons living in absolute poverty has gone down (Wolf 2005). The offbeat of the people has continued to develop with globalisation. The explanation given by Wolf for the continued poverty in Africa is not globalisation, but partly because of diseases and partly because of its failure to develop. He asserts that what affects the people living i n abject poverty is not the fact that they are exploited, but the fact that they are not exploited. This is because they exist outside the global economy. The growth in globalisation of the economy through integration of budding economies has changed the humanity for the better. The problem that faces globalisation is not that it has failed, but the challenge is to bring those who are living outside it into the sack of beneficial economic integrations (Wolf 2005).The other issue that requires response is child labour. This is a problem that has been going on internationally throughout the world. Bhagwati argues that there is no relationship whatsoever between child labour and globalisation. The causes of this problem are associated with poverty (Perraton 2001). The fact according to Bhagwati is that whenever globalisation causes riches and lessens poverty, it leads to reduction of child labour and increase in enrolment into learning institutions. This works two-part because it al so deals with the issue of poverty. This consequently impacts positively on the economic development (Bhagwati 2004).Another issue that needs to be addressed carefully in dealing with the critics is womens equality. There is an argument that globalisation has a negative impact on women. Wolf resists with this argument by asserting that globalisation has support in reducing gender inequality. He claims that the youths who migrated from sylvan china in search of trade were driven by their attempts to run away from poverty. This was not by force and the wages they earn has assisted them by amend their living standards. This is especially true for women who are offered the chance to earn their own money (Wolf 2005).There are many a number of other issues that Bhagwati addresses in dealing with the critics. Concerning democracy he asserts that globalisation increases democracy both directly and indirectly. The direct impact is that the local manufacturers and farmers are able to ga te the market directly without being exploited by the middlemen. This has made them into independent people who can participate in the activities and processes of the society such as politics. The indirect impact is that globalisation leads to prosperity that through development of the society leads to democracy (Wolf 2005). Both Bhagwati and Wolf argue that globalisation does no cause environmental degradation. They assert that by improving the standards of living, globalisation leads to proper environmental management. They however support the fact that global economy should be well managed to enhance environmental development (Bhagwati 2004).Bhagwati supports capital controls and emphasises what he refers to as skirt street treasury complex. This system has led to many administrations adopting policies of capital-account convertibility (Bhagwati 2004).Globalisation is the tail world warOne of the treaties that will be considered in this section is NAFTA. This is one accordance that has had missed reactions since its inception. The treaty has been acclaimed by its supporters and condemned by its opponents. This is a trilateral treaty that was signed in 1994 bringing together triple nations in one trading bloc. These three countries are the US, Mexico and Canada. After the treaty was formed, conflicts broke up in Chiapas, one of the poorest states in Mexico. The conflicts were initiated by a group of revolutionaries known as EZLIN. The Zapatista National Liberation Army came in and took possession of four cities in the country. It was not by chance that the group started conflicts immediately after the treaty was signed. This was because the Indians saw the treaty as a threat. The native Indians in the country, who lived in poverty, felt that the signing of the agreement would make them loose the land that was given to them following the Mexican revolution. During the negotiations with the American government, the hot seat of Mexico overlooked the only s ection of the law that was significant to the locals. This was the section that defend the community-owned lands in Chiapas (Marcos 1997).The Zapatistas began fighting until they were overwhelmed by the United States supported military that fought them in the pretence of war on drugs. However the Zapatistas were not defeated because their efforts motivated international anti-globalisation and anti-capitalist movements. For such groups their main target is neoliberalism. Marcos argues that the start of the fourth world war has begun (Marcos 1997). There is an argument that neoliberalism is a struggle to capture advanced territories. David Harvey defines it as philosophy of political economic activities that proposes that it is possible to develop the welfare of people by raising entrepreneurial liberties within an organisational structure that is typified by aspects like property rights, personal freedoms, and free market. The responsibility of the nation is to come up with the st ructures (George 1999). One of the most significant aspects of neoliberalism is enclosure. The enclosure of the primitive aggregation as described by Karl Max is where the common people were deprived of means to their livelihood. This involved conflicts as the commons were forcefully evicted from their property. The argument as far as neoliberalism is concerned is that this form of primitive accumulation is windlessness in practice. In world economies it can be seen where privately-owned business expound are constructed in lands that were initially reserved or used for public utilities. For people whose lands are taken away in the name of development, the disadvantage is devastating. The new enclosures are clearly connected with finance and financial institutions in the global arena. Many people are getting removed from their lands, homes, and employment through violence, epidemics, famines, and the International Monetary Fund-ordered devaluations. These people end up scatted at all corners of the world. There is the referencing to finance, that is, debts and credits as the facilitators of accumulation by dispossession (Marcos 1997).Critics however argue that enclosures and primitive accumulation are, but not the only reasons why neoliberal globalisation is war. Another reason cited is the unfair competition in the global arena. The competition causes precarity and uncertainty. According to Marcos (1997), the workers are forced to brave job instability, longer working hours, and low wages. He adds that in piffling neoliberal globalisation means more war, conflicts, troubles and violence (Marcos 1997).ConclusionAs a conclusion it is important to compare the opponents against the supporters of neoliberalism. Martin Wolf argued that the problem face the poor is not the fact that they are exploited, but the fact that they are underexploited. He added that the challenge is bringing them into the web of globalisation. While Wolf and Bhagwati disagree with th e critics of globalisation and neoliberalism, they tend to agree with others like Sachs, Marcos and Stiglitz that neoliberal globalisation increase competition. Where they fail to agree is where the supporters claim that the competition raises efficiency, productivity and reduces prices. The opponents stress on the uncertainty and insecurity caused by the competition. The question that lingers is who among the authors is right. The concluding remarks are the fact that globalisation has potential to be beneficial to people, but to be able to achieve this it should be properly managed. In my own opinion, due to the poor management globalisation has not been beneficial to the society. However this phenomenon is with us to bond and the only thing that can be done is to change its management so that it benefits the people who heavily rely on its promised benefits. Both individuals and nations need to take advantage of it, however bad they think of it, because this seems the only way to survive through it (Klein 2008).Appendicescecal appendage 1 DEFINITIONSGLOBALIZATIONGlobalisation can be broadly defined as a movement of culture, people and goods across international borders. Put differently, globalization could be seen as a closer integration of countries and people (Stiglitz, 2003). Thus, when one deals the issue of globalization he has to take up various aspects of globalisation, i.e. cultural, political, economic aspects.NEO LIBERALISMAccording to Harvey(2007) neoliberalism is a set of political and economic practices, which can advance human eudaemonia these practices aim at promoting entrepreneurial freedoms, individual liberty, private property rights, unmortgaged markets, and free trade. The role of the state is to create and preserve an institutional manikin appropriate to nurture such practices.Neoliberalism has been applied (imposed) in practice through the so-called Washington Consensus that emphasized privatization, liberalization, and independent c entral banks focusing single-mindedly on keeping the price level at bay. The problem with the Washington Consensus, according to Stiglitz (2003), has to do with the fact that it has been applied on developing countries, without taking into consideration the wider social and political context of these economies. As a consequence, the results of these one-size-fits-all policies have, in many cases, been disastrousAppendix 2 THE TWO THESESTHE ANTI- GLOBALIZATION ARGUMENTSIn what follow we shall consider certain anti-globalization arguments put forward by Marcos (1997), change magnitude Concentration of Wealth and Widening Income InequalityAccording to Marcos (1997), neoliberalism has resulted in an accumulation of wealth for the few, and in accumulation of poverty for millions of others. The author continues that of the 5 jillion inhabitants of only 500 million live comfortably, while the remaining 4.5 billion persevere lives of poverty. Another interesting piece of information cited by Marcos that the total wealth owned by the 358 richest people in the world, the dollar billionaires, is greater than the yearly income of almost half the worlds poorest inhabitants, in other words about 2.6 billion people.Increase in destitutionMarcos (1997) argued that globalization and neoliberalism have throw more people to poverty, since in the 1960s and 1970s, the number of poor people in the world (defined by the World Bank as having an income of less than one dollar per sidereal day) rose to some 200 million. By the start of the 1990s, their metrical composition stood at two billion.Appendix 3 THE PRO- GLOBALIZATION ARGUMENTSFor Stiglitz (2003) globalisation has emphatically benefited people, as their life expectancy and standard of living has clearly risen, but it has not yet achieved its full potential. The outcome of this has been the rise in income inequality both between countries and within countries. He also points that the number of people living in poverty in Africa has doubled over the past two decades, whilst the wages of workers in rich countries have been driven down. However, the problem for Stiglitz is not globalisation per se, which is responsible for the aforementioned ailments, but the way it is applied.Appendix 4Some globalization supporters have put forward the argument that globalisation promotes democracy. According to Bhagwati (200493), in a developed capitalistic system, rural farmers could bypass the dominant classes and castes by taking their produce directly to the market thereby becoming more independent actors. Further, the author maintains that globalisation leads to prosperity, which in turn leads to greater democratisation of politics..Appendix 5 THE EMPIRICAL separateTHE ISSUE OF POVERTYThe Reduction of PovertySala-i-Martin (2002), in his study, concluded that global poverty measured by poverty rates as well as absolute headcounts declined significantly from 1970 to 1998, but the reductions in poverty alter tr emendously across regions. Specifically, the author found that, on a global level, the number of people living in poverty (i.e. people having an income of less than $2 per day) and extreme poverty (i.e. people having an income of less than $1 per day at the prices of 1985) declined significantly during the period under study.TABLE 01 Percent of Global Population in Poverty And Extreme PovertyYEARGLOBAL creationIN POVERTYGLOBAL POPULATIONIN EXTREME POVERTY197040.0%16.6%1998

Smart Transport System Based Upon Autonomous Road Vehicles

Smart Transport elevator cable railway simple machinecass Based Upon Autonomous thoroughf atomic number 18 VehiclesINTRODUCTIONPeople have a high reliance on machine for their daily travel to scat, shopping, tour and m each former(a) places 1. more(prenominal) than 50% of worlds population lives in cities and more fomites atomic number 18 on the passage ca habit congestion problems and accidents. Therefore, there is a need for more harmless(prenominal) and efficient means of transportation. The new technologies be replacing decade sr. transportation frame reverses and operators with computerization and automation. Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is an innovative method that utilizes sensors movements, artificial intelligence, and homosexual management together which ordain serve well the independent fomite to require without human intervention 2. Autonomous fomites leave be seen soon on our channels communicating with nearby fomites and warn indi vidually other by understanding the chequers ahead. umteen cable cars, for example, the Tesla Model S and the Volvo XC90 has already started including propelled self- private avenue capacities, and this is expected to increase in coming years 3.In this newsworthinessprint both expend consequence scenarios of supreme fomites are discussed. The first use case discusses about an main(a) vehicle human being super Cing. place a vehicle is considered as one of the difficult task in operate. This includes relegateing the position one-armed bandit and putting green without collision. The proposed re mains pass on allow the number one wood to leave the vehicle when he/she reaches the destination and the vehicle go forth park itself in a park one-armed bandit.The second use case discusses an supreme vehicle that asshole drive without human intervention in an unmapped environment. The use cases include are bulwark avoidance, converse mournful and going.2.USE berth SCENARIOS2.1 AUTONOMOUS fomite VALET placeThe number of vehicles on passageway is increasing rapidly ca exploitation congestion problems and pollutions. One of the main reasons for this is wish of car position and eon consumed to flummox the park slots. This study discusses the driving and position of an main(a) vehicle to a car position slot without human intervention. An self-directed valet set go away allow the device device driver to leave the vehicle when he/she reaches the destination and entrust park the vehicle in a set slot. The sensors forget thought bars in its way and pass on steer around them to avoid collision. It will as well pass on the driver after parking and locking the door automatically by dint of an app. The proposed musical arrangement will help the driver who is in a induce to attend a meeting or watch movie, who doesnt want his/her time to waste tick offing for parking area and to drive and park there.There are three systems in the vehicle for the free vehicle valet parking 6.(i) Server SystemThe legion system will spawn the contrastive driving avenue to the near parking slot and will put forward it to the driver done the vigorous application. The driver nates select the like fashion and vehicle will drive through that rails.(ii) Mobile SystemThe driver will be able to monitor the vehicle and support whether it is finding any difficulty to reach the parking slot. The vehicle will overly propound the driver once when it has reached the parking slot.(iii) Vehicle fancy SystemThe watch over system will generate the ascendence signals such(prenominal) as channelise stamp down, gear counterchange, pasture brakes and secureness mark off requisite for the movement of the vehicle through the provided means. It should also generate manage signals to help the car park in the provided slot. pick up 1 Autonomous vehicle parking system2.1.1 DESIGN ANALYSIS AND ALGORITHM2.1.1.a. lay s lot SELECTIONOnce the driver has reached the destination the driver should request for the nearest parking and reserve the parking slot. The algorithmic program for this is shown in date 1.1 6. clapperclaw 1 Driver request for the parking guidance.The parking slot availableness in the parking garage should be updated every time in the data base. The parking slot weed detect whether it is occupied with vehicle or not by employ an IR sensor in the parking slot. The IR sensors will be connected to micro- leadlers. The microcontrollers will communicate to the central server system using ESP8266 which contains the data base of the parking slot availability. ESP8266 is a low- follow Wi-Fi chip which will give micro-controller admission charge to communicate with the Wi-Fi ne bothrk. Along with the number of free parking lots, parking cost in different parking garage will also be stored in the database. The parking guidance is requested by the driver using the navigation system which will be enter with sim cards inwardly the vehicle. BMW already have sim card embedded cars 8. There will be GPS module inside the navigation system which will give the legitimate location of the car. This location of the vehicle, will help to find the nearest parking facilities near it. The distance and time to reach each parking garage are calculated by the already programmed navigation device. It will also provide the parking fare for each parking garage. The driver can because select the appropriate parking slot establish on his convenience.Step 2 Reserve the parking slotOnce the parking slot has been selected by the driver, it should be reserved otherwise there are chances for the parking slot to be occupied by some other car before the vehicle reaches the selected slot. The central server system should be updated once the driver has reserved parking slot. The reservation should be through using the number plate of the vehicle. Sometimes, there might be more than one reserv ation request for the same parking slot at the same. So, there are chances to get the reservation declined for other customers. In that case the driver can select another parking slot. The vehicle can also go to the parking slot without reservation as well. solely there will be a risk of the parking slot to be occupied before the vehicle arrives the parking slot.Step 3 Start the navigation to the parking slot.Once the parking slot has been selected by the driver, he/she can leave the car and the car will sail to the selected parking slot.Figure 1.1. Algorithm for parking slot selection2.1.1.b. PARKING PATH FOLLOWINGOnce the parking slot has been selected the next ill-use is to guide the vehicle to the parking slot. In this paper 6, a graph data structure is apply, which will generate driving path using 4D kinematics (i, j, , R). The i and j jibes the centre co-ordinates of the vehicle and is the drumhead tilt prize of the vehicle. To avoid the obstacles while following the path to the parking slot optical maser scanner sensors (LMS15) are used. These sensors can see the obstacles within 40 m distance and an angular range of 0-1900. The sensors are fitted on both sides in the front and airlift side of the vehicle. The obstacle avoidance path is generated by the server system. The figure 1.3. 6 shows the obstacle discover and avoiding path.Figure 1.3. Obstacle detecting and avoiding path 6The path generated by the server system broods of location of the vehicle and its heading move place (). The vehicle control system will generate signals to control the steering of the vehicle depending on the heading bung value and location of the vehicle. The steering angle should be calculated for this. The dominion for steering angle is shown below 6.s = 3 2 - 1 2s = Steering angle3 = lateral wrongful conduct angle of vehicle location 2 = look-ahead way point heading angle 1 = vehicle heading angleFigure 1.4. 6 shows the driving path followed by the ve hicle and the location of the vehicle.Figure 1.4. Driving path followed by the vehicle 6The festinate will also be controlled by the control system. The speed will be reduced to 8 km/hr once the car has entered the parking garage. The car will be notified when it reaches the parking garage by the GPS module installed in the navigation system. The laser scanner sensors can detect the moving obstacles as well. When the vehicle has find the moving object (e.g. pedestrian) it will stop and wait until it has crossed the itinerary.2.1.1.c. PARKING AT THE SELECTED PARKING SLOTThe next step after stretchability the parking slot is the parking at the selected slot. The vehicle control systems consist of two levels 7.1. Low level control Low level control is the control of motion which includes steering motorcycles/seconds control, speed control and moving in a proposed distance.2. High level control High level control is computer resource based control. A trajectory path is organis e showing the vehicle manner to park it in the selected slot.To describe the car parking, bi-cycle feigning is used 7. This model is commonly used to describe intravenous feeding wheeled vehicles. Rear drive wheel of this model cannot be rotate. To control the vehicle movement the front wheel will be rotated about the vertical axis following the trajectory path. It is assumed that the vehicle is moving on a horizontal and flat surface.Figure 1.5. Bi-cycle model of four wheeled vehiclesThe figure 1.5. shows the bi-cycle model of four wheeled vehicles 7. The co ordinate system is represented as V, where x and y represent the co-ordinate points in that system.L= distance between the front and rear wheels = steering angle = angle between xv and xv = velocity of the vehicleICR instantaneous centre of rotation of the vehicle put of the car can be done in two ways. 71.Parallel parking method.2.Perpendicular parking method.Parallel parking methodA precise path should be generated to m inimize the parking area. The vehicle should move along two arcs created by the high level control without straight-line section between them. A maximum rotational angle of the steering wheels is required to achieve this. The figure 1.6. shows the gibe parking method 7.Figure 1.6. Parallel parking method 7The circle radius is calculated using the steering angle (). go radius (R1) = L2tgLs1 and Ls2 are the skilful boundaries, so the vehicle will not hit the front and back corner of the vehicle while parking. L1, L2, L3 and L4 are the boundary dimensions.The trajectory parking duration (S)can be calculated to park the vehicle in the parking slot without colliding on the obstacles. The formula to become the trajectory parking length is give below.S = Ls1 + L1 + L2 + L3 + L4 + Ls2Perpendicular parking methodPerpendicular parking method is almost like the parallel parking method. This method reduces the parking area required for parking. The figure 1.7. shows the normal parking me thod.Figure 1.7. Perpendicular parking method 7The centre axel wheel should steer along the arc with the radius (R2) value tending(p) below to park in a safe causation.R2 = When vehicle reaches point A,for palmy completion of parking, the steering wheels should be controlled by the steering. The gear should be in reverse gear and continue until the safe region. There are safety zones LS as in the parallel parking method. The trajectory parking length (S)can be calculated to park the vehicle in the parking slot without colliding on the obstacles. The formula to obtain the trajectory parking length is given below.S = R1 + L2 + LS + 2.1.1.d. NOTIFYING THE DRIVER AFTER PARKINGAfter the car, has been parked in the parking slot, the driver should be notified that the car is safely parked. The sim card embedded in the system will help to notify the driver through SMS or smooth app that it has arrived the parking slot safely. This will help the driver to track the vehicle and ensure tha t it has reached the parking slot safely.2.1.2 CHALLENGES AND DESIGN ISSUES IN THE PROPOSED SYSTEMChallenges(i) One of the main challenges in the proposed system is that the driver can only access the parking garages which has been saved in the central server system.(ii) In the proposed system, the vehicle will not come to pick the driver. He/she should go to the parking slot to find the car. This can be included in the future development.Design Issues(i) Sometimes GPS might fail to work in that case the autonomous car might fail to find its counselling.(ii) Infrared sensors are expensive and sometimes fail to work referable to temperature change.2.1.3. VEHICLES THAT HAS BEEN USING AUTOMATED VEHICLE VALET PARKINGUsing digital mapping technology, BMW i3 is about to launch their new car 9 that can park in multi-storey parking garages. This fully autonomous vehicle will drive until it detects a free parking space. Their new Remote Valet Parking Assistant will parks the i3 without any driver assistance. The new car can also detect the moving obstacles and falsely parked car using its LiDAR sensors and drive accordingly without colliding with the obstacles. The car will not notify the driver it has reached the parking slot is one of the drawback in their features.2.2 AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE NAVIGATION IN UNKNOWN ENVIRONMENT.A fully automatic vehicle should be able to drive by itself and for that it should sense datum, control, observe and react to its environment. This paper describes an autonomous vehicle that can drive without human intervention in an unexplored environment. The use cases included are obstacle avoidance, reflexive moving and overtaking. The car will reach its destination by avoiding obstacles and following the path course. A foggy logic control technology is used in this paper which will receive the required information from the sensors which will sense the obstacles in its way and the environmental changes. A GPS module is also used to track t he position of the vehicle. The system will also control the speed, brake and steering effectively.2.2.1 DESIGN ANALYSIS AND ALGORITHMThe proposed system is divided into two wholes 5Fuzzy logic control unitComputer vision unit.The debar plat of the proposed unit is shown in the figure 2.1. 5.Figure 2.1. Block diagram of the proposed system 52.2.1.a. FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL UNITAutonomous cars are very complex to design. In this system, blurry logic is used to generate logical control signals from the input analog signals. Fuzzy logic is widely used in artificial intelligence. There are many alternative approaches such as genetic algorithm and neural network, but blear logic has the merit that, it can be easily understood by the human operators.The block diagram of the fuzzy logic control unit is shown in figure 2.2.Figure 2.2. Fuzzy Logic Control whole 4The proposed system consists of two ultrasonic sensors for recognising the obstacles and measuring the distance between the obstac le and vehicle. Ultrasonic sensors produce ultrasonic waves, which will not produce any sound pollution/environmental pollution. Its also inexpensive. A H-Bridge is used to control the steering push and the back motor. Webcam is used to see and follow the road course path. The steering angle is mensural and controlled by a potentiometer. The GPS pass catcher senses the position of the vehicle and is given to the microcontroller. This will help the micro-controller to know whether the vehicle has reached its destination or not. The steering and speed commands are combined and based on this the vehicle will move through the lane.The speed of the vehicle is the most important part while driving. The speed of the vehicle depends on many external factors such as environmental term, road condition and car condition.For a normal autonomous car, it should have an auto-braking system, auto-speed control system and auto-steering system. These systems depend on different factors like envi ronmental condition, car condition, road condition and so on. The fuzzy logic control unit will control the speed, brake, and steering based on these factors.The figure 2.3. 4 below shows the fuzzy logic controller controlling the systems based on the environmental condition and car condition.Figure 2.3. Fuzzy Logic Controller 4Auto-braking SystemThe auto-braking system is provided in autonomous car to avoid collision. The ultrasonic sensors will sense the distance between the obstacle and the car and if it is not in a safe distance the car will either stop or reduce the speed.The normal speed limit is aline as 0 60 km/hr and the minimum distance between the car and the obstacle is maintained at 5 10 m. This is selected as per the trade safety authorities.Auto- speed SystemSpeed of the car is controlled on heterogeneous factors such as environmental condition and car condition. Environmental condition and car condition will be between the range shown below and the car should ch oose the speed accordingly.Environmental Conditions Rains falling (0 200) mm. Winds Speed (0 150) km/h.Rain sensors are used to sense the rain. The sensors can tell when it is precipitate depending on the rain drops falling on the squirm shield depending on the light reflected. If there are more rain drops on the wind shield less light will be reflected to the rain sensor. automobile Condition Weight (including passengers) (1600 1900) kg. Engine Heat (-25 65) c.A weight sensor can be used in the seats so that it will sense how many passengers are there in the seat and the vehicle can control the speed.All these factors are given a range between 0 and 10 4. If the conditions are bad, the rating will be between 0-3 and if the conditions are good, then the rating will be between 7-10. The micro-controller will be pre-programmed in such a way that it will be indicated when its raining, or when the air content in the tire is less and the speed of the car will be controlled accord ing to that.Auto-Steering controlThe steering control is the main part of the autonomous car. The steering is controlled in such a way that it will follow the trajectory or path to the destination generated by the computer vision unit.Obstacle AvoidanceThe main feature that should be incorporated in an autonomous vehicle is obstacle avoidance to avoid collision. There are two type of obstacles still and moving obstacles. The obstacles are sensed by the ultrasonic sensors which are connected at the right and left side of the vehicle at an angle of +45o and -45o. The distance is measured using fuzzification. The fuzzy sets used are adjacent, fair and far. The range is set between 25 m and 85 m and is determined by the sensor and the dimension of vehicle 4. Any measured value by the sensor that is below 25 m is set as minimum value and any measured value stupendous 85 m is set as maximum value. To determine in which fuzzy set (near, medium or far) the measured sensor value belong to is determined using triangular membership function. The equation for that is given below 4.The speed control and steering control signals are got as an output from the controller which are then given to the steering motor and back motor. The steering is controlled by the steering motor. The steering will be turn according to the steering control signals. The steering angle is controlled by the potentiometer. The digitized value of steering angle decision is shown below.Large Left long hundredSmall Left 145Straight 170Small by rights 195Large Right 220Figure 2.4. 4 shows the graphical representation of the steering angle decision.Figure 2.4. Graphical representation of the steering angle decision 4Similarly, the speed is controlled by the back motor and three commands are used for this Slow, intermediate and Fast. The values for this is shown below and is decided by the back motors duty cycle values for pulse width modulated signal.Slow 20 speciality 50Fast 80Figure 2.5. 4 shows the graphical representation of speed control decisionFigure 2.5. Graphical representation of speed control decision4Destination ArrivedA GPS receiver is attached to the controller to know whether the autonomous car has arrived its destination. The destination will be already decided and entered by the drug user to the micro controller by using a mobile app. The car and the user can communicate to each other using the 4G network. A SIM card will be already embedded inside the car. Once the car has arrived the destination the car will notify the user.2.2.1.b data executeor VISION UNIT Computer vision unit does the decision-making surgical procedure in the system. In this paper, overtaking and backward process are discussed. Computer vision unit extracts information from the images taken from multiple cameras and makes decision when to overtake other vehicles and when to reverse the car.Backward directionThe figure 2.6. 5 shows the algorithm for backward process of the vehicle.Figure 2.6. Algorithm for backward process 5Step 1 root whether the car should take backward direction or not.Step 2 If yes, the car should select the speed of the vehicle to move in backward direction. If not, then the car continues to move in forward direction.Step 3 After selecting the speed of the backward movement, the next step is to select the direction of the backward movement. If the car wants to move left, then steering should be turned to right and if the car wants to move right then the steering should be turned left. If the wants to move backward in a straight direction then the steering should be kept straight i.e., no change for the steering.Step 4 After the step 3 the car will check the backward process has been accomplished and the process comes to an end. overtake Overtaking is a difficult process normally done by human drivers. To overtake another car the vehicle should maintain a certain(a) speed limit and distance between the two cars should be in a s afe distance so that it will not shake up. The algorithm for a safe overtaking is given in the figure 2.7. 5.Figure 2.7. Algorithm for overtaking 5Step 1 The autonomous car will decide whether to overtake the other car in front of it which will be moving slower than it. If yes, then it should select the overtaking speed. If not, then the car should continue the previous speed.Step 2 The autonomous car should change to the left lane after deciding the speed to overtake. It should check through the rear camera that no other vehicles are difficult to overtake it in the left lane, otherwise the two cars will collide with each other.Step 3 After changing to the left lane the autonomous car should continue to move in straight direction. It should check whether it has overtaken the slow vehicle. If yes, then it should change to the right lane maintaining a safe distance. If not, it should continue to move in straight direction and keep on monitoring whether it has overtaken the slow vehi cle.Step 4 After the change of lane the autonomous car should check whether it has completed the lane changing. If yes, then the process comes to an end.2.2.2 CHALLENGES AND DESIGN ISSUES IN THE PROPOSED SYSTEMChallenges(i) In the proposed system, only the algorithm for overtaking and backward movement has discussed. Artificial intelligence algorithm has not been discussed.(ii) In the proposed system, there is detection of traffic signals which can be incorporated in the future developmentDesign Issues(i) Sometimes GPS might fail to work in that case the autonomous car might fail to find its direction.(ii) Ultrasonic sensors can produce some errors when sensing objects which might yield in collision.2.2.3 AUTONOMOUS CARS ALREADY IN MARKETFully autonomous car will be on our road by 2021. Many car companies like tesla, google, BMW has already started developing such cars. Googles self-driving car has completed 1,500,000 miles in full automated mode on mar 2016 10. This car has no ste ering and brake pedal. It has laser and radar sensors to sense the obstacles and also have a back-up steering, braking, and computing system if any of these fails.3. CONCLUSIONTo conclude, we will be able to see self-driving cars on our roads soon, addressing all the road problems like congestions, parking problem, accidents and so on. In this paper two use cases have been discussed. In the first use case, a server system, mobile system and vehicle control system are used for autonomous vehicle valet parking. The proposed system will drop the diver/user at his/her destination and will park the vehicle in the parking slot selected by the user. The future development of the system can be made by making the car to go and pick the user from the parking slot, when he/she is ready to leave. The second use case describes an autonomous vehicle that can drive without human intervention in an inscrutable environment using fuzzy logic. The use cases included were obstacle avoidance, backward moving and overtaking. The block diagram and algorithm of the proposed system are depict in the paper.REFFERENCES1 C. F. Lin, J. C. Juang and K. R. 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Autonomous carAvailablehttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_car Accessed 04/03/2017